Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

Korean Chemical Society (대한화학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Measurement of Aldehydes in Replacement Liquids of Electronic Cigarettes by Headspace Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry

  • Lim, Hyun-Hee (Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Shin, Ho-Sang (Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University)
  • Received : 2013.05.12
  • Accepted : 2013.06.19
  • Published : 2013.09.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The electronic cigarette (E-cigarette) is a battery-powered device that aerosolizes nicotine so that it is readily delivered into the respiratory tract. The analytical data regarding the substances present in E-cigarettes are very limited. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of aldehydes-formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (AA) and, acrolein (AL)-in 225 replacement liquid brands from 17 E-cigarette shops sold in the Republic of Korea by headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GC-MS). The concentration range of FA and AA was 0.02-10.09 mg/L (mean = 2.16 mg/L, detected in 207 of 225 samples) and 0.10-15.63 mg/L (mean = 4.98 mg/L, detected in all samples), respectively. AL was not detected in any of 225 replacement liquids. FA and AA were originally present in almost all replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes.

Keywords

References

  1. Etter, J. F.; Bullen, C. Addiction 2011, 106, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x
  2. Schripp, T.; Markewitz, D.; Uhde, E.; Salthammer, T. Indoor Air 2013, 23, 25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x
  3. American-Legacy-Foundation. Electronic Cigarette ('ecigarette') Fact Sheet. American Legacy Foundation, 2009. Available at: http://www.legacyforhealth.org/PDFPublications/ECIGARETTE_0909_temp.pdf, http://www. webcitation.org/5zUApidHT), Accessed October 10, 2012.
  4. Westenberger, B. J. U.S. Food and Drug Administration evaluation of E-cigarettes. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Rockville, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2009. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/UCM173250.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2012.
  5. Laugesen, M. Safety Report on the Ruyan E-Cigarette Cartridge and Inhaled Aerosol. Christchurch, New Zealand: Health New Zealand Ltd; 2008.
  6. Hadwiger, M. E.; Trehy, M. L.; Moore, W.; Ye, T.; Algire, J.; Westenberger, B. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 7547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.018
  7. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Summary of Results: Laboratory Analysis of Electronic Cigarettes Conducted By FDA, US: Food and Drug Administration (FDA), July 2009, http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealth Focus/ucm173146.htm (Accessed October 10, 2012.; archived at http://www.webcitation.org.5zUAMMHkS).
  8. Park, M. Exponent. 2009, NJOY E-cigarette Health Risk Assessment. CA: Exponent, http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/5.php, Accessed February 10, 2012.
  9. Ohta, K.; Uchiyama, S.; Inaba, Y.; Nakagome, H.; Kunugita, N.; Bunseki Kagaku 2011, 60, 791. https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.791
  10. Kim, H. J.; Shin, H. S. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1291, 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035
  11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol 88, methanal, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-buxy-2-propanol. Lyon, France, 2006.
  12. US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Methanal, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 1999.
  13. EPA 749-F-94-003a, Chemical summary for ethanal prepared by office of pollution prevention and toxics. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.
  14. DFG, List of MAK- and BAT-values. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006.
  15. Feng, Z.; Hu, W.; Hu, Y.; Tang, M. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103, 15404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607031103
  16. Kim, H. J.; Shin, H. S. J. Sep. Sci. 2011, 34, 693. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201000679
  17. Shin, H. S.; Lim, H. H. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2012, 47, 350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02845.x
  18. USEPA Method SW 846, Quality Control, 1992; p 26 (Chapter 1).

Cited by

  1. Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes vol.23, pp.suppl 2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
  2. Vapors Produced by Electronic Cigarettes and E-Juices with Flavorings Induce Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Response in Lung Epithelial Cells and in Mouse Lung vol.10, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
  3. The Chemical Components of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Fluids: Review of Analytical Methods vol.17, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu197
  4. Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: Their potential human health impact vol.34, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604
  5. Sensitive Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds and Aldehydes in Tattoo Inks vol.55, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmw163
  6. Mass change tracking approach as collection guidelines for aerosol and vapor samples released during e-cigarette smoking vol.8, pp.10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY03385C
  7. Acrolein Can Cause Cardiovascular Disease: A Review vol.17, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-016-9396-5
  8. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids in electronic cigarette refill liquids and second-hand generated aerosol vol.40, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201601076
  9. Determination of volatile organic compounds including alcohols in refill fluids and cartridges of electronic cigarettes by headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry vol.409, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0049-0
  10. Toxicity Assessment of Refill Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes vol.12, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120504796
  11. Evaluating State-Level Differences in E-cigarette and Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States Between 2012 and 2014: Findings From the National Adult Tobacco Survey pp.1469-994X, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty013
  12. Electronic Cigarettes: Impact on Lung Function and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Among Healthy Adults pp.1557-9891, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318806073
  13. Headspace analysis for screening of volatile organic compound profiles of electronic juice bulk material vol.410, pp.23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1215-3
  14. 전자담배 액상 및 기체상 중 유해물질 고찰 vol.39, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2013.39.6.483
  15. Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Nicotine, Tobacco Alkaloids, pH, and Selected Flavors in E-Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Solutions vol.17, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu279
  16. “Direct Dripping”: A High-Temperature, High-Formaldehyde Emission Electronic Cigarette Use Method vol.18, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv080
  17. Levels of Selected Groups of Compounds in Refill Solutions for Electronic Cigarettes vol.18, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv189
  18. Sugar and Aldehyde Content in Flavored Electronic Cigarette Liquids vol.20, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx234
  19. Immunological and toxicological risk assessment of e-cigarettes vol.27, pp.147, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0119-2017
  20. Development and validation of analytical methodology for the quantification of aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols using UHPLC-UV vol.116, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.021
  21. Consumer exposure and risk assessment to selected chemicals of mold stain remover use in Korea vol.30, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0155-0
  22. Electronic Cigarettes and Head and Neck Cancer Risk—Current State of Art vol.12, pp.11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113274
  23. Review of the Analytical Methods for and Clinical Impact of Additives and Flavors Used in Electronic Cigarettes vol.12, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00331-x