References
- Oh SK. 2005. Neurotransmetters and brain disease. Shinil Books Company, Seoul, Korea. p 345-364.
- Kuhl DE, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, Snyder SE, Ficaro EP, Foster NL, Frey KA, Kilbourn MR. 1999. In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer' disease. Neurology 52: 691-699. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.52.4.691
- Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Scherr PA, Cook NR, Chown MJ, Hebert LE, Hennekens CH, Taylor JO. 1989. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA 262: 2551-2556. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430180093036
- Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lipas AS. 1982. The cholinergic hyphothesis of geriatic memory dysfuntion. Science 217: 408-414. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7046051
- Colye JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. 1983. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 219:1184-1190. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6338589
- Shudo K, Kagechike H, Yamazaki N, Igarashi M, Tateda C. 2004. A synthetic retnoid am80 (tamibarotene) rescues the memory deficit caused by scopolamine in a passive avoidance paradigm. Biol Pharm Bull 27: 1887-1899. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.1887
- Tanabe F, Miyasaka N, Kubota T, Aso T. 2004. Estrogen and progesterone improve scopolamine-induced impairment of spartial memory. J Med Dent Sci 51: 89-98.
- Davies P, Maloney AJ. 1976. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2: 1403.
- Davis KL, Thal LJ, Gamzu ER, Davis CS, Woolson RF, Gracon SI, Drachman DA, Schneider LS, Whitehouse PJ, Hoover TM. 1992. A double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 327: 1253-1259. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199210293271801
- Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT. 1998. A 24-week, double-blind, pacebo-cotrolled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer' disease. Neurology 50:136-145. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.50.1.136
- Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P. 1999. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer' disease, international randomized controlled trial. BMJ 318: 633-638.
- Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, Kershaw P, Lilienfeld S, Ding C. 2000. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. The Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. Neurology 54: 2269-2276. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.12.2269
-
Lawrence CH, Wang BW, Lee TF 2006. Effects of ginseng saponins on
${\beta}$ -amyloid-imduced amnesia in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 103: 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.010 - LeDoux JE. 1993. Emotional memory system in the brain. Behav Brain Res 20: 69-79.
- Morris R. 1984. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4
- Lee MR, Yun BS, Park SY, Lym SY, Kim SN, Han BH, Sung CK. 2010. Anti-amnesic effect of Chong-Myung-Tang on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 132: 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.041
- Villa-Caballero L, Nava-Ocampo AA, Frati-Munari AC, Ponce-Monter H. 2000. Oxidative stress should it be measured in the diabetic patient? Gac med Mex 136: 249-256.
- Van der Zee EA, Biemans BA, Gekema MP, Daan S. 2004. Habitutation to a test apparatus during associative learning is sufficient to enhance muscarinic acetycholine receptorimmunoreactivity in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci Res 78: 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20300
- Lozenzini CA, Bal E, Bucherelli C, Sacchetti B, Tassoni G. 1996. Role of dorsal hippocampus in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of rat's passive avoidance response: a tetrodotoxin functional inactivation study. Brain Research 730: 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00427-1
- Seo JH, Woo SY, Kim YT, Kim MY, Park YM, Jin ZH, Bu YM, Kim HC. 2007. Enhancing effect of multiherb extracts HT008-1 on memory and cognitive function. Kor J Herbology 22: 51-58.
- Kim EJ, Jung IH, Le TKV, Jeong JJ, Kim NJ, Kim DH. 2013. Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 protect scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 146:294-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.047
- Zhao H, Li Q, Pei X, Zhang Z, Yang R, Wang J, Li Y. 2009. Long-term ginsenoside administration prevents memory impairment in aged C57BL/6J mice by up-regulating the synaptic-related proteins in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 201: 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.002
- Yamaguchi Y, Higashi M, Kobayashi H. 1997. Effects of ginsenosides on maze performance and brain choline acetyltransferase activity in scopolamine-treated young rats and aged rats. Eur J Pharmacol 329: 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(97)10115-7
- Lee ML, Yun BS, Liu L, Zhang DL, Wang Z, Wang CL, Gu LJ, Wang CY, Mo EK, Sung CK. 2010. Effect of black ginseng on memory improvement in the amnesic mice induced by scopolamine. J Ginseng Res 34: 51-58. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2010.34.1.051
- Lee ML, Sun BS, Gu LJ, Wang CY, Mo EK, Yang SA, Ly SY, Sung CK. 2008. Effects of white ginseng and red ginseng extract on learning performance and acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition. J Ginseng Res 4: 341-346. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2008.32.4.341
- Saito H, Suba K, Schwab M, Thonen H. 1977. Potentiation of the NGF-mediated nerve fiber outgrowth by ginsenoside Rb1 in organ cultures of chick dorsal root ganglia. Jpn J Pharmacol 27: 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.27.445
- Benishin CG. 1992. Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on cholin uptake in central cholinergic nerve ending. Neurochem Int 21: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)90061-U
- Choi X, Saji H, Iida Y, Magata Y, Yokoyma A. 1996. Ginseng pretreatment protects against transient global cerebral ischemia in the rat: measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization by deoxyglucose autoradiography. Biol Pharm Bull 19: 644-646. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.19.644
- Chu GX, Chen X. 1989. Protective effect of ginsenosides on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats. China J Pharmacol Toxicol 3: 18-23.
- Sloley BD, Pang PK, Huang BH, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG. 1999. American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine induced amnesia in spatial learning task. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24: 442-452.
- Zang JT, Qu ZW, Liu Y, Deng HL. 1990. Preliminary study on antiamnestic mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1. Clin Med J 103: 932-938.
- Salim KN, McEwen BS, Chao HM. 1997. Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and tr kA mRNA expression in the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 47: 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00042-9
- Bassett CN, Montine TJ. 2003. Lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in Alzhimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 7:446-451.
- Yokozawa T, Satoh A, Cho EJ. 2004. Ginsenoside Rd attenuates oxidative damage related to aging in senescenceaccelerated mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 56: 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022449
- Chun H, David DK. 2001. Free radical scavenging capacity as related to antioxidant activity and ginsenoside composition of Asian and North American ginseng extracts. JAOCS 78: 249-255.
- Tian J, Fu F, Geng M, Jang Y, Yang J, Jiang W, Wang C, Liu K. 2005. Neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 374: 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.030
- Liu ZQ, Luo XY, Liu GZ, Chen YP, Wang ZC, Sun YX. 2003. In vitro study of the relationship between the structure of ginsenoside and its antioxidative or prooxidative activity in free radical induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. J Agric Food Chem 51: 2555-2558. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026228i
- Kang KS, Kim HY, Beak SH, Yoo HH, Park JH, Yokozawa T. 2007. Study on the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity changes of ginseng and ginsenoside-Rb2 by heat processing. Biol Pharm Bull 30: 724-728. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.724
- Lee SY, Kim DH, Woo WH. 2011. Antioxidant activity of black Panax ginseng. Korean J Oriental Physiology & Pathology 25: 115-121.
Cited by
- Revitalizing Mountain Ginseng Cultivation in North Jeolla Province, South Korea vol.15, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-016-9336-z
- Effect of Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) Extracts on Memory Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Model, Tg2576 mice vol.47, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2015.47.6.779
- Anti-Amnesic Effect of Fermented Ganoderma lucidum Water Extracts by Lactic Acid Bacteria on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats vol.20, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2015.20.2.126
- Inhibition of Alveolar Bone Destruction by Red Ginseng Extract in an Experimental Animal Periodontitis Model vol.50, pp.7, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2021.50.7.672
- Allium hookeri Extracts Improve Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Activation of the Cholinergic System and Anti-Neuroinflammation in Mice vol.13, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082890
- Cognitive-enhancing Effects of Black Rice Aleurone Layer Extract on Scopolamine-induced Memory Impairment in Mice vol.29, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2021.29.5.328