Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of damage probability matrices from observational seismic damage data

  • Eleftheriadou, Anastasia K. (Laboratory of RC, Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace) ;
  • Karabinis, Athanasios I. (Laboratory of RC, Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace)
  • Received : 2011.11.08
  • Accepted : 2012.07.11
  • Published : 2013.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The current research focuses on the seismic vulnerability assessment of typical Southern Europe buildings, based on processing of a large set of observational damage data. The presented study constitutes a sequel of a previous research. The damage statistics have been enriched and a wider damage database (178578 buildings) is created compared to the one of the first presented paper (73468 buildings) with Damage Probability Matrices (DPMs) after the elaboration of the results from post-earthquake surveys carried out in the area struck by the 7-9-1999 near field Athens earthquake. The dataset comprises buildings which developed damage in several degree, type and extent. Two different parameters are estimated for the description of the seismic demand. After the classification of damaged buildings into structural types they are further categorized according to the level of damage and macroseismic intensity. The relative and the cumulative frequencies of the different damage states, for each structural type and each intensity level, are computed and presented, in terms of damage ratio. Damage Probability Matrices (DPMs) are obtained for typical structural types and they are compared to existing matrices derived from regions with similar building stock and soil conditions. A procedure is presented for the classification of those buildings which initially could not be discriminated into structural types due to restricted information and hence they had been disregarded. New proportional DPMs are developed and a correlation analysis is fulfilled with the existing vulnerability relations.

Keywords

References

  1. ATC 13 (Applied Technology Council) (1985), Earthquake damage evaluation data for California, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Redwood City, CA.
  2. ATC-40 (Applied Technology Council) (1996), Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings, California Seismic Safety Commission, I, Report SSC 96-01, Redwood City, California.
  3. Calvi, G.M. (1999), "A displacement-based approach for vulnerability evaluation of classes of buildings", J. Earthq. Eng., 3(3), 411-438.
  4. Calvi, G.M., Pinho, R., Magenes, G., Bommer, J.J., Restrepo-Vélez, L.F. and Crowley, H. (2006), "Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years", ISET J. Earthq. Technol., 43(3), 75-104.
  5. Cherubini, A., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M. and Martinelli, A. (1999), "Vulnerability assessment from quick survey data in the historic centre of catania", The Catania Project: Earthquake damage scenarios for a high risk area in the Mediterranean, Faccioli, E. and Pessina, V., editors. Grupo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti.
  6. Chrysanthopoulos, M.K., Dymiotis, C. and Kappos, A.J. (2000), "Probabilistic evaluation of behaviour factors in EC8-designed R/C frames", Eng. Struct., 22(8), 1028-1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00026-7
  7. D' Ayala, D. (2005), "Force and displacement based vulnerability assessment for traditional buildings", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 3, 235-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-005-1239-x
  8. D' Ayala, D., Spence, R., Oliveira, C. and Pomonis, A. (1997), "Earthquake loss estimation for Europe's historic town centres", Earthq. Spectra, 13(4), 773-793. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585980
  9. D' Ayala, D. and Speranza, E. (2002), "An integrated procedure for the assessment of seismic vulnerability of historic buildings", Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 561, London.
  10. Dolce, M., Kappos, A., Masi, A., Penelis, G. and Vona, M. (2006), "Vulnerability assessment and earthquake damage scenarios of the building stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) using Italian and Greek methodologies", Eng. Struct., 28(3), 357-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.08.009
  11. Dolce, M., Masi, A., Marino, M. and Vona, M. (2003), "Earthquake damage scenarios of the building stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) including site effects", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 1, 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024809511362
  12. Eleftheriadou, A.K. (2009), "Contribution to the seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete structures" (in Greek), Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
  13. Eleftheriadou, A.K. and Karabinis, A.I. (2008a), "Empirical seismic vulnerability evaluation based on earthquake damage data", Proceedings of the International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation 2008, ICEED08-159, Jakarta, Indonesia.
  14. Eleftheriadou, A.K. and Karabinis A.I. (2008b), "Damage probability matrices derived from earthquake statistical data", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 07-0201, Beijing, China.
  15. Eleftheriadou, A.K. and Karabinis, A.I. (2010), "Seismic damage scales in reinforced concrete structures" (in Greek), Technika Chronika, Scientific Journal of the Technical Chamber of Greece, 3.
  16. Eleftheriadou A.K. and Karabinis, A.Ι. (2011), "Development of damage probability matrices based on Greek earthquake damage data", J. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib., 10(1), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-011-0052-6
  17. Eleftheriadou, A.K. and Karabinis, A.Ι. (2012), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings based on the near field Athens (7-9-1999) earthquake damage data", Earthq. Struct., 3(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2012.3.2.117
  18. Elnashai, A.S. (2006), "Assessment of seismic vulnerability of structures", J. Constr. Steel Res., 62(11), 1134-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.06.024
  19. Faccioli, E., Pessina, V., Calvi, G.M. and Borzi, B. (1999), "A study on damage scenarios for residential buildings in Catania city", J. Seismol., 3(3), 327-343. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009856129016
  20. FEMA 178 (1992), NEHRP-Handbook for the seismic evaluation of existing buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
  21. FEMA 154 (1998), Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards: Supporting documentation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
  22. FEMA 310 (1998), Handbook for the seismic evaluation of buildings-A prestandard, Prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
  23. FEMA 273 (1997), NEHRP Guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
  24. FEMA 274 (1997), NEHRP Commentary on the guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
  25. FEMA 356 (2000), Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington.
  26. Gazetas, G. and Collaborators (2001), "Computational and experimental assessment of strong motion within the meizoseismal area of parnitha, 7-9-99, earthquake (in Greek)", Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Athens, 1-207.
  27. Giovinazzi, S. (2005), "The vulnerability assessment and the damage scenario in seismic risk analysis", PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering of the Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina at Braunschweig and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Florence.
  28. Glaister, S.D. and Pinho, R. (2002), "Development of a simplified deformation based method for seismic vulnerability assessment", Dissertation, Rose School, Pavia, Italy.
  29. Hutchings, L., Ioannidou, E., Foxall, W., Voulgaris, N., Savy, J., Kalogeras, I., Scognamiglio, L. and Stavrakakis, G. (2007), "A physically based strong ground-motion prediction methodology; Application to PSHA and the 1999 Mw = 6.0 Athens earthquake", Geophys. J. Int., 168(2), 659-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03178.x
  30. Ioannidou, E., Voulgaris, N., Kalogeras, I., Hutchings, L. and Stavrakakis, G. (2001), "Analysis of site response in the Athens area from the 7 September 1999, Mw=5.9 Athens earthquake and aftershock recordings and intensity observations", Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicada, 42(3-4), 183-208.
  31. ITSES-AUTh (Institute of Technical Seismology and Earthquake Structures-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) (2004), "Athens earthquake: Assessment of vulnerability in the disaster area and correlation to the real distribution of buildings damage after the earthquake (in Greek)", Research Program, Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Thessaloniki, Greece.
  32. Jalayer, F. and Cornell, C.A. (2003), "A technical framework for probabilistic-based demand and capacity factor (DCFD) seismic formats", Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), PEER Report 2003/08, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley.
  33. Kalogeras, I.S. and Stavrakakis, G.N (2001), "The Athens, Greece September 7th, 1999 earthquake: Strong motion data processing (7/9/1999- 31/3/2000)", Publ. No14, cd-rom with User's Manual, National Observatory of Athens, Geodynamic Institute.
  34. Kappos, A.J., Stylianidis, K.C. and Pitilakis, K. (1998), "Development of seismic risk scenarios based on a hybrid method of vulnerability assessment", Nat. Hazards, 17(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008083021022
  35. Kappos, A.J., Panagopoulos, G.K., Sextos, A.G., Papanikolaou, V.K. and Stylianidis, K.C. (2010), "Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city - structural aspects", Earthq. Struct., 1(2), 197-214. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2010.1.2.197
  36. Kappos, A.J., Pitilakis, K., Morfidis, K. and Hatzinikolaou, N. (2002), "Vulnerability and risk study of Volos (Greece) metropolitan area", Proceedings of the 12th ECEE, 74, London, UK.
  37. Kappos, A.J., Penelis, G., Stylianidis, K. and Mergos, P. (2006), "2nd level pre-earthquake assessment of AUTh buildings", Proceedings of the 15th Hellenic Conf. on Concrete, B, 206-217, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
  38. Karabinis, A.I. (2003), "Assessment of the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures - valnurability and risk (in Greek)", Invited keynote lecture 14th Greek Concrete Conference, Α, 141-161. Κos, Greece.
  39. Karabinis, A.I. and Eleftheriadou, A.K. (2007), "Vulnerability assessment derived from earthquake damage data", Proceedings of the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 1264. Rethymno, Crete, Greece.
  40. Kishi, N.G., Yakut, A. and Byeon, J.S. (2000), "Advanced component method ($ACM^{TM}$) - An objective methodology for the assessment of building vulnerability", Technical Report, Applied Insurance Research, Boston.
  41. Koliopoulos, P.K., Margaris, B.N. and Klimis, N.S. (1998), "Duration and energy characteristics of Greek strong motion records", J. Earthq. Eng., 2(3), 391-417.
  42. Lagomarsino, S. and Giovinazzi, S. (2006), "Macroseismic and mechanical model for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 4(4), 415-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9024-z
  43. Lang, K. (2002), "Seismic vulnerability of existing buildings", Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich.
  44. National Technical Chamber of Greece (NTCG) (2006), Pre-earthquake reinforcement of existing buildings (in Greek), National Programme for Earthquake Management of Existing Buildings, Athens, Greece.
  45. Pagnini, L.C., Vicente, R., Lagomarsino, S. and Varum, H. (2011), "A mechanical model for the seismic vulnerability assessment of old masonry buildings", Earthq. Struct., 2(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2011.2.1.025
  46. Pitilakis, K.D., Anastasiadis, A.I., Kakderi, K.G., Manakou, M.V., Manou, D.K., Alexoudi, M.N., Fotopoulou, S.D., Argyroudis, S.A. and Senetakis, K.G. (2011), "Development of comprehensive earthquake loss scenarios for a Greek and a Turkish city: seismic hazard, geotechnical and lifeline aspects", Earthq. Struct., 2 (3), 207-232. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2011.2.3.207
  47. Rossetto, T. and Elnashai, A. (2003), "Derivation of vulnerability functions for European-type RC structures based on observational data", J. Eng. Struct., 25(10), 1241-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00060-9
  48. Rota, M., Penna, A. and Strobbia, C. (2006), "Typological fragility curves from Italian earthquake damage data", Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, 2005, Geneva, Switzerland.
  49. Sarabandi, P., Pachakis, D., King, S. and Kiremidjian, A. (2003), "Development of empirical building performance functions data from past earthquakes", Proceedings of ICASP-9, 629-635, San Francisco, CA.
  50. Schenková, Z., Schenk, V., Kalogeras, I., Pichl, R., Kottnauer, P., Papatsimba, C. and Panopoulou, G. (2007), "Isoseismal maps drawing by the Kriging method", J. Seismol., 11(1), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-006-9023-1
  51. Singhal, A. and Kiremidjian, A.S. (1996a), "Α method for earthquake motion-damage relationships with application to reinforced concrete frames", Ph.D. Dissertation, J.Blume Earthquake Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University.
  52. Singhal, A. and Kiremidjian, A.S. (1996b), "Method for probabilistic evaluation of seismic structural damage", J. Struct. Eng.- ASCE, 122(12), 1459-1467. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:12(1459)
  53. Singhal, A. and Kiremidjian, A.S. (1998), "Bayesian updating of fragilities with application to RC frames", J. Struct. Eng., 124(8), 922-929. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:8(922)
  54. Spence, R. and D' Ayala, D. (1999), "Damage assessment and analysis of the 1997 umbria-marche earthquakes", Struct. Eng. Int., 9(3), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686699780482014
  55. Uma, S.R., Pampanin, S. and Christopoulos, C. (2006), "A probabilistic framework for performance-based seismic assessment of structures considering residual deformations", Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland.
  56. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2002), "Incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 31(3), 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141
  57. Wen, Z.P., Hu, Y.X. and Chau, K.T. (2002), "Site effect on vulnerability of high-rise shear wall buildings under near and far field earthquakes", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 22(9-12), 1175-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00145-8
  58. Yakut, A., Ozcebe, G. and Yucemen, M.S. (2006), "Seismic vulnerability assessment using regional empirical data", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 35(10), 1187-1202. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.572
  59. Yamaguchi, N. and Yamazaki, F. (2000), "Fragility curves for buildings in Japan based on damage surveys after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
  60. Yamazaki, F. and Murao, O. (2000), "Fragility curves for buildings in Japan based on experience from the 1995 Kobe Earthquake", Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. http://www.murao.net/research/.

Cited by

  1. Seismic Risk Assessment of Buildings in the Extended Urban Region of Athens and Comparison with the Repair Cost vol.03, pp.03, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2014.33012
  2. Seismic vulnerability assessment of an old historical masonry building in Osijek, Croatia, using Damage Index vol.28, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.012
  3. Correlation of Structural Seismic Damage with Fundamental Period of RC Buildings vol.03, pp.01, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2013.31006
  4. Seismic vulnerability of old confined masonry buildings in Osijek, Croatia vol.11, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.4.629
  5. Insights from existing earthquake loss assessment research in Croatia vol.13, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.4.365
  6. Earthquake damage assessment of 1-story precast industrial buildings using damage probability matrices vol.17, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00660-x
  7. A Seismic Hazard Prediction System for Urban Buildings Based on Time-History Analysis vol.2020, pp.None, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7367434
  8. Empirical fragility curves for Italian URM buildings vol.19, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00845-9
  9. Comparative analysis of the fragility curves for Italian residential masonry and RC buildings vol.19, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01120-1
  10. Triggers of change to achieve sustainable, resilient, and adaptive cities vol.12, pp.None, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2021.100071