DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge

  • Received : 2012.10.02
  • Accepted : 2013.02.26
  • Published : 2013.04.25

Abstract

Aim of this paper is to apply to a steel truss bridge a methodology that takes into account the consequences of extreme loads on structures, focusing on the influence that the loss of primary elements has on the structural load bearing capacity. In this context, the topic of structural robustness, intended as the capacity of a structure to withstand damages without suffering disproportionate response to the triggering causes while maintaining an assigned level of performance, becomes relevant. In the first part of this study, a brief literature review of the topics of structural robustness, collapse resistance and progressive collapse takes place, focusing on steel structures. In the second part, a procedure for the evaluation of the structural response and robustness of skeletal structures under impact loads is presented and tested in simple structures. Following that, an application focuses on a case study bridge, the extensively studied I-35W Minneapolis steel truss bridge. The bridge, which had a structural design particularly sensitive to extreme loads, recently collapsed for a series of other reasons, in part still under investigation. The applied method aims, in addition to the robustness assessment, at increasing the collapse resistance of the structure by testing alternative designs.

Keywords

References

  1. Alashker, Y., Li, H. and El-Tawil, S. (2011), "Approximations in progressive collapse modeling", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 137(9), 914-924. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000452
  2. Arangio, S., Bontempi, F. and Ciampoli, M. (2011), "Structural integrity monitoring for dependability", Struct. Infrastruct. E., 7(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732471003588387
  3. Arup (2011), Review of international research on structural robustness and disproportionate collapse, London, Department for Communities and Local Government.
  4. ASCE 7-05 (2005), Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
  5. Biondini, F., Bontempi, F. and Malerba, P.G. (2004), "Fuzzy reliability analysis of concrete structures", Comput. Struct., 82(13-14), 1033-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.03.011
  6. Biondini, F. and Frangopol, D. (2009), "Lifetime reliability-based optimization of reinforced concrete cross-sections under corrosion", Struct. Saf., 31(6), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.06.008
  7. Biondini, F., Frangopol, D.M. and Restelli, S. (2008), "On structural robustness, redundancy and static indeterminancy", Proceedings of the 2008 Structures Congress, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24-26 April.
  8. Bontempi, F. and Giuliani, L. (2008), "Nonlinear dynamic analysis for the structural robustness assessment of a complex structural system", Proceedings of the 2008 Structures Congress, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24-26 April.
  9. Bontempi, F., Giuliani, L. and Gkoumas, K. (2007), "Handling the exceptions: dependability of systems and structural robustness", Invited Lecture, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC), Cape Town, South Africa, September.
  10. Bontempi, F., Gkoumas, K. and Arangio, S. (2008), "Systemic approach for the maintenance of complex structural systems", Struct. Infrastruct. E., 4(2), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470601155235
  11. Brando, F., Cao, L., Olmati, P. and Gkoumas, K. (2012), "Consequence-based robustness assessment of bridge structures", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2012, Italy, Stresa, 8-12 July.
  12. Brando, F., Iannitelli, A., Cao, L., Malsch, E.A., Panariello, G., Abruzzo, J. and Pinto, M.J. (2013), "Forensic information modeling: A new forensic tool", Civil Eng. Magazine - ASCE, January, 48-53.
  13. Brando, F., Testa, R.B. and Bontempi, F. (2010), "Multilevel structural analysis for robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization - Frangopol, Sause and Kusko (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-87786-2.
  14. Canisius, T.D.G., Sorensen, J.D. and Baker, J.W. (2007), "Robustness of structural systems - A new focus for the Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS)", Proceedings of the 10th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP10), Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
  15. Cha, E.J. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2012), "Risk-averse decision-making for civil infrastructure exposed to low-probability, high-consequence events", Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe., 104(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2012.04.002
  16. Choi, J.H. and Chang, D.K. (2009), "Prevention of progressive collapse for building structures to member disappearance by accidental actions", J. Loss Prevent. Proc., 22(6), 1016-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.08.020
  17. Ciampoli, M., Petrini, F. and Augusti, G. (2011), "Performance-Based Wind Engineering: Towards a general procedure", Struct. Saf., 33(6): 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.07.001
  18. COST (2011), TU0601 - Structural Robustness Design for Practising Engineers, Canisius, T.D.G. (Editor).
  19. Crosti, C. and Duthinh, D. (2012), "Simplified gusset plate model for failure prediction of truss bridges", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2012, Italy, Stresa, 8-12 July.
  20. Crosti, C., Duthinh, D. and Simiu, E. (2011), "Risk consistency and synergy in multihazard design", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 137(8), 844-849. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000335
  21. Crosti, C., Olmati, P. and Gentili, F. (2012), "Structural response of bridges to fire after explosion", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2012, Italy, Stresa, 8-12 July.
  22. DoD - Department of Defense (2009), Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), Report No. UFC 4-023-03: Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse, Washington DC: National Institute of Building Sciences.
  23. Ellingwood, B. (2002), "Load and resistance factor criteria for progressive collapse design", Proceedings of Workshop on Prevention of Progressive Collapse, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington D.C., MD, USA.
  24. Ellingwood, B.R. and Dusenberry, D.O. (2005), "Building design for abnormal loads and progressive collapse", Comput-Aided Civ. Inf., 20(3), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2005.00387.x
  25. Ellingwood, B.R., Smilowitz, R., Dusenberry, D.O., Duthinh, D. and Carino, N.J. (2007), Report No. NISTIR 7396: Best practices for reducing the potential for progressive collapse in buildings. Washington D.C.: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  26. EN 1990 (2002), Eurocode - Basis of structural design.
  27. Faber, M.H. and Stewart, M.G. (2003), "Risk assessment for civil engineering facilities: critical overview and discussion", Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safe., 80(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(03)00027-9
  28. FHWA (2011), Framework for Improving Resilience of Bridge Design, Publication No IF-11-016.
  29. Galal, K. and El-Sawy, T. (2010), "Effect of retrofit strategies on mitigating progressive collapse of steel frame structures", Ja531.
  30. Garavaglia, E., Sgambi, L. and Basso, N. (2012), "Selective maintenance strategies applied to a bridge deteriorating steel truss", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2012, Italy, Stresa, 8-12 July.
  31. Ghosn, M. and Moses, F. (1998), NCHRP Report 406: Redundancy in Highway Bridge Superstructures, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., MD, USA.
  32. Giuliani, L. (2012), "Structural safety in case of extreme actions", Special Issue on: "Performance and Robustness of Complex Structural Systems", Int'l J. Lifecycle Perform. Eng. (IJLCPE), 1(1), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLCPE.2012.051282
  33. Gkoumas, K., (2008), "Basic aspects of risk-analysis for civil engineering structures", Workshop Handling Exceptions in Structural Engineering: Robustezza Strutturale, Scenari Accidentali, Complessita di Progetto, Rome (Italy), 13-14 November. www.francobontempi.org
  34. GSA - General Service Administration (2003), Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization project, Washington D.C., MD, USA.
  35. Hoffman, S.T. and Fahnestock, L.A. (2011), "Behavior of multi-story steel buildings under dynamic column loss scenarios", Steel Compos. Struc., 11(2), 149-168. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2011.11.2.149
  36. HSE - Health and Safety Executive (2001), Reducing risks, protecting people, HSE's decision-making process, United Kingdom: Crown copyright.
  37. Izzuddin, B.A., Vlassis, A.G., Elghazouli, A.Y. and Nethercot, D.A. (2008a), "Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss - Part I: Simplified assessment framework", Eng. Struct., 30(5), 1308-1318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.011
  38. Izzuddin, B.A., Vlassis, A.G., Elghazouli, A.Y. and Nethercot, D.A. (2008b), "Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss - Part II: Application", Eng. Struct., 30(5), 1424-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.08.011
  39. Kim, J. and Kim, T. (2009), "Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames", J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(1), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.03.020
  40. Kwasniewski, L. (2010), "Nonlinear dynamic simulations of progressive collapse for a multistory building", Eng. Struct., 32(5), 1223-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.12.048
  41. Malla, R.B., Agarwal, P. and Ahmad, R. (2011), "Dynamic analysis methodology for progressive failure of truss structures considering inelastic postbuckling cyclic member behavior", Eng. Struct., 33(5), 1503-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.022
  42. Malsch, E., Brando, F., Iannitelli, A., Abruzzo, J. and Panariello, G. (2011), "The Causes of the I-35 West Bridge Collapse", Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium of IABSE / 52nd Annual Symposium of IASS/6th International Conference on Space Structures, London, UK.
  43. MDT - Minnesota Department of Transportation (2012), Interstate 35W Bridge: Original Plans & Details.
  44. Miyachi, K., Nakamura, S. and Manda, A. (2012), "Progressive collapse analysis of steel truss bridges and evaluation of ductility", J. Constr. Steel Res., 78, 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.06.015
  45. Nafday, A.M. (2008), "System safety performance metrics for skeletal structures", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 134(3), 499-504. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:3(499)
  46. Nafday, A.M. (2011), "Consequence-based structural design approach for black swan events", Struct. Saf., 33(1), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2010.09.003
  47. NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board, 2007, "Collapse of I-35W Highway Bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 1, 2007", Highway Accident Report NTSB/HAR-08/03.
  48. Petrini, F. and Bontempi, F. (2011), "Estimation of fatigue life for long span suspension bridge hangers under wind action and train transit", Struct. Infrastruct. E., 7(7-8), 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2010.493336
  49. Petrini, F. and Ciampoli, M. (2012), "Performance-based wind design of tall buildings", Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. - Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle Design and Performance, 8(10), 954-966.
  50. Petrini, F., Li, H. and Bontempi, F. (2010), "Basis of design and numerical modeling of offshore wind turbines", Struct. Eng. Mech., 36(5), 599-624. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.36.5.599
  51. Rezvani, F.H. and Asgarian, B. (2012), "Element loss analysis of concentrically braced frames considering structural performance criteria", Steel Compos. Struc., 12(3), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.12.3.231
  52. Saydam, D. and Frangopol, D. M. (2011), "Time-dependent performance indicators of damaged bridge superstructures", Eng. Struct., 33(9), 2458-2471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.019
  53. Sgambi, L., Gkoumas, K. and Bontempi, F. (2012), "Genetic algorithms for the dependability assurance in the design of a long-span suspension bridge", Comput-Aided Civ. Inf., 27(9), 655-675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2012.00780.x
  54. Starossek, U. (2009), Progressive collapse of structures, London, Thomas Telford Publishing.
  55. Starossek, U. and Haberland, M. (2010), "Disproportionate Collapse: Terminology and Procedures", J. Perf. Constr. Fac., 24(6), 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000138
  56. Starossek, U. and Haberland, M. (2012), "Robustness of structures", Special Issue on: "Performance and robustness of complex structural systems", Int'l J. Lifecycle Perform. Eng. (IJLCPE), 1(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLCPE.2012.051279
  57. Stewart, M.G. and Melchers, R.E. (1997), Probabilistic risk assessment of engineering systems, London, Chapman and Hall.
  58. Wolff, M. and Starossek, U. (2010), "Cable-loss analyses and collapse behavior of cable-stayed bridges", Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, IABMAS 2010, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 11-15 July.
  59. Yuan, W. and Tan, K.H. (2011), "Modeling of progressive collapse of a multi-storey structure using a spring-mass-damper system", Struct. Eng. Mech., 37(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.37.1.079

Cited by

  1. Fragility analysis for the Performance-Based Design of cladding wall panels subjected to blast load vol.78, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.004
  2. Back calculation and model calibration for earthquake damaged bridges - a general procedure and its application to a highway viaduct vol.12, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2015.1075050
  3. Influence of degradation at the base of a support post in a collapse of an old guardrail: A forensic analysis vol.42, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.04.009
  4. Blast Resistance Assessment of Concrete Wall Panels: Experimental and Numerical Investigations vol.5, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.5.3.349
  5. Selective maintenance planning of a steel truss bridge based on the Markovian approach vol.125, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.06.055
  6. Simplified fragility-based risk analysis for impulse governed blast loading scenarios vol.117, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.039
  7. Applications of stiffness-based evaluation method to element importance of truss systems vol.23, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1210221
  8. Coupling effects between wind and train transit induced fatigue damage in suspension bridges vol.70, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.70.3.311
  9. Behavior of a steel bridge with large caisson foundations under earthquake and tsunami actions vol.31, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.6.575