DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Ethanol Ablation for the Treatment of Benign Cystic Thyroid Nodules

양성 낭종성 갑상선 결절에 대한 에탄올 절제술의 효과

  • Kim, Soo Jeong (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Kim, Hee Kyung (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Kim, Hyoung Sang (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Lee, Kyung Jin (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Hong, Hyoung Ju (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Han, Min Gui (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Yoon, Jee Hee (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Kang, Ho-Cheol (Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School)
  • 김수정 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김희경 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김형상 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이경진 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 홍형주 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 한민귀 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 윤지희 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 강호철 (전남대학교 의과대학 내과학교실)
  • Received : 2013.06.11
  • Accepted : 2013.08.08
  • Published : 2013.12.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation for benign cystic thyroid nodules, and to identify the clinical factors associated with therapeutic outcome. Methods: We examined 46 patients with benign cystic nodules. After removal of cystic fluid, 99% ethanol was injected under ultrasound guidance. Follow-up ultrasonography was then performed 2 weeks and 6-36 months after the therapy to evaluate the early and late response, respectively. An effective response (ER) was defined as volume reduction > 50% or the absence of any residual cystic lesion; partial response (PR) as a 25-50% volume reduction; and no response (NR) as volume reduction < 25% or a volume expansion. Results: During the early response, ER, PR, and NR were 67.4, 30.4, and 2.2%, respectively. The initial mean cyst volume of 12.0 ${\pm}$ 7.8 mL (3.4-41.3) was reduced significantly after ethanol ablation therapy to 5.4 ${\pm}$ 3.2 mL (0-33.0; 55% volume reduction, p < 0.001), and to a final late response volume of 4.4 ${\pm}$ 3.4 mL (0-23.3; 63% volume reduction, p < 0.01). Except for 6 patients who received additional ethanol injection therapies, ER was obtained in 31 of 40 (77.5%) patients in the late response. A large initial volume was the factor associated with therapeutic failure (p = 0.04). Eleven patients (23%) reported transient mild local pain. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation is a safe and highly effective therapeutic method for cystic thyroid nodules. However, more sophisticated approaches are needed for large cystic nodules.

목적: 낭종성 갑상선 결절은 전체 갑상선 결절의 6-37%를 차지하며 단순 흡인술로는 60-90%에서 재발하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 재발성 낭종성 갑상선 결절에서 에탄올 절제술의 효과와 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 인자들에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2004년 4월부터 2010년 8월까지 낭종성 갑상선 결절을 주소로 화순 전남대학교 병원을 방문하여 에탄올 절제술을 시행받은 환자 46명을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 치료 2주 후 초기 치료 반응 평가를 시행하였으며 장기 반응 평가는 6개월에서 3년 사이에 시행하였다. 추적관찰한 결절의 부피가 치료 전 부피의 50% 이상 감소하였거나 결절의 크기에 관계없이 낭성 부분이 모두 소실된 경우를 완전반응(effective response, EF)이라고 정의하였으며 25% 이상 50% 미만의 감소율을 보인 경우를 부분반응(partial response, PR), 25% 미만의 감소율을 보인 경우를 무반응(no response, NR)으로 정의하였다. 장기 반응 평가에서 완전 반응을 보이는 경우를 치료의 성공으로 정의하고 영향을 주는 요인을 평가하였다. 결과: 환자의 평균 연령은 42.5 ${\pm}$ 16.6세, 전체 40명의 환자 중 여성은 38명으로 82.6%였으며 모든 환자에서 전경부에 촉진되는 종물 및 이물감을 호소하였다. 결절 부피는 치료 전 12.0 ${\pm}$ 7.8 mL (3.4-41.3 mL)였으며 치료 2주 후 5.4 ${\pm}$ 3.2 mL (0-33.0 mL)로 의미 있게 감소하였다(p < 0.001). 초기 치료의 반응은 ER, PR, NR이 각각 31예(67.4%), 14예(30.4%), 1예(2.2%)였으며, 40예(86.9%)서 촉진되는 종물과 이물감이 호전되었다. 추가 에탄올 절제술 치료가 시행된 6예를 제외한 40예의 장기간 성적은 결절의 부피가 4.4 ${\pm}$ 3.4 mL (0-23.3 mL)로 치료 전에 비해 63%의 유의한 감소를 보였으며(p < 0.001), ER, PR, NR은 각각 31예(77.5%), 5예(12.5%), 4예(10%)였다. 치료 실패군에서 료 전 낭종의 부피가 유의하게 컸으며(p = 0.04), 에탄올 절제술 후 합병증이 발생한 예는 없었다. 결론: 낭종성 갑상선 결절에서 에탄올 절제술은 매우 효과적이며 안전한 치료법이라 생각한다. 하지만 낭성 결절의 초기 용적이 큰 경우에는 에탄올 절제술의 실패 가능성이 높으므로 보다 면밀한 치료적 고려가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Paschke R, Hegedüs L, Alexander E, Valcavi R, Papini E, Gharib H. Thyroid nodule guidelines: agreement, disagreement and need for future research. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;7:354-361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.1
  2. Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993;328:553-559. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199302253280807
  3. Valcavi R, Frasoldati A. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in thyroid cystic nodules. Endocr Pract 2004;10:269-275. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.10.3.269
  4. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedus L. Treatment of recurrent thyroid cysts with ethanol: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5773-5777. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031000
  5. Crile G Jr. Treatment of thyroid cysts by aspiration. Surgery 1966;59:210-212.
  6. Monzani F, Lippi F, Goletti O, et al. Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:800-802.
  7. Zingrillo M, Torlontano M, Ghiggi MR, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection of large thyroid cystic nodules. Thyroid 1996;6:403-408. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1996.6.403
  8. Zingrillo M, Torlontano M, Chiarella R, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection may be a definitive treatment for symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules not treatable by surgery: five-year follow-up study. Thyroid 1999;9:763-767. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.763
  9. Del Prete S, Caraglia M, Russo D, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection efficacy in the treatment of large symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules: ten-year follow-up of a large series. Thyroid 2002;12:815-821. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502760339398
  10. Solbiati L, Cioffi V, Ballarati E. Ultrasonography of the neck. Radiol Clin North Am 1992;30:941-954.
  11. Antonelli A, Campatelli A, Vito AD, et al. Comparison between ethanol sclerotherapy and emptying with injection of saline in treatment of thyroid cysts. Clin Investing 1994; 72:971-974. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577738
  12. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Basolo F, Iacconi P, LiVolsi V, Miccoli P. Surgical and pathological changes after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2000;10:1087-1092. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.1087
  13. Crescenzi A, Papini E, Pacella CM, et al. Morphological changes in a hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma after percutaneous ethanol injection: histological, enzymatic and sub-microscopical alterations. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19: 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344972
  14. Antonelli A, Campatelli A, Di Vito A, et al. Comparison between ethanol sclerotherapy and emptying with injection of saline in treatment of thyroid cysts. Clin Investig 1994; 72:971-974. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00577738
  15. Rozman B, Bence-Zigman Z, Tomic-Brzac H, Skreb F, Pavlinovic Z, Simonovic I. Sclerosation of thyroid cysts by ethanol. Periodicum Biologorum 1989;91:1116-1118.
  16. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedüs L. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules: a randomized trial comparing one injection with three injections. Thyroid 1999;9:225-233. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.225
  17. Lee SJ, Ahn IM. Effectiveness of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in benign nodular and cystic thyroid diseases: long-term follow-up experience. Endocr J 2005;52: 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.52.455
  18. Jeong WK, Baek JH, Rhim H, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: safety and imaging follow-up in 236 patients. Eur Radiol 2008;18:1244-1250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-0880-6
  19. Kim YS, Rhim H, Tae K, Park DW, Kim ST. Radiofrequency ablation of benign cold thyroid nodules: initial clinical experience. Thyroid 2006;16:361-367. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.361
  20. Sung JY, Kim YS, Choi H, Lee JH, Baek JH. Optimum first-line treatment technique for benign cystic thyroid nodules: ethanol ablation or radiofrequency ablation? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:W210-214. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.4258
  21. Jang SW, Baek JH, Kim JK, et al. How to manage the patients with unsatisfactory results after ethanol ablation for thyroid nodules: role of radiofrequency ablation. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:905-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.02.039
  22. Cho YS, Lee HK, Ahn IM, et al. Sonographically guided ethanol sclerotherapy for benign thyroid cysts: results in 22 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:213-216. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.174.1.1740213
  23. Mazzeo S, Toni MG, De Gaudio C, et al. Percutaneous injection of ethanol to treat autonomous thyroid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993;161:871-876. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.161.4.8372778
  24. Kobayashi A, Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Hirai K, Fukata S, Sugawara M. Thyrotoxicosis after needle aspiration of thyroid cyst. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:21-24.
  25. Lippi F, Ferrari C, Manetti L, et al. Treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection: results of an Italian multicenter study: the Multicenter Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81: 3261-3264.

Cited by

  1. The Effect of Ethanol Ablation for the Treatment of Benign Cystic Thyroid Nodules vol.85, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2013.85.6.589
  2. Feasibility of Surgeon-Performed Ultrasound-Guided Ethanol Ablation in Benign Cystic Thyroid Nodules: Preliminary Report vol.58, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2015.58.4.261