DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of Microbiological Risks in Hand-Contact Surfaces of Items in Cafeteria versus Items in Other Facilities in a College Campus

대학 구내 시설물과 급식소 집기의 접촉에 의한 미생물학적 위해성의 정량비교

  • Received : 2013.02.25
  • Accepted : 2013.03.19
  • Published : 2013.03.31

Abstract

As facilities and equipments for learning activities in college campuses are handled by mass public, their contact surfaces may function as major routes of cross-infection of microbial pathogens. However, unlike items in cafeteria which is the typical target for campus hygiene, those surfaces are not under regular surveillance or sanitary maintenance. In this study, I made a quantitative comparison of the risk of being exposed to microbial pathogens from use of learning facilities such as classrooms and library to the risk from use of cafeteria, for about 1,500 students in a college. Regarding total coliforms as surrogate model of bacterial pathogens, exposure rates were estimated for each item in learning facilities and cafeterias by devising deterministic exposure algorithms based on bacterial abundance, contract rates and transfer rates. The exposure rate in cafeterias was 1.0 CFU/day while learning facilities imposed the rate of 0.5 CFU/day, which reaches a half of the exposure rate in cafeterias. However, 70% of students were exposed more in learning facilities than cafeteria because individuals had different frequencies in using cafeteria. Based on the results, some human-contact surfaces of learning facilities, including elevator buttons, may require regular sanitary maintenance. An efficient sanitary maintenance considering seasonality in diversity of pathogens involved with cross-infections is suggested besides improvement of personal hygiene among students.

대학 구내 학습시설과 집기들은 다중에 의해 이용되기 때문에 그 표면들은 감염성 병원체의 교차감염의 경로로 작용할 수 있다. 그러나 구내 집단급식소 등의 주요 위생관리 시설과 달리 정기적 위생관리의 대상이 아니며, 위생상태 현황이 잘 파악되지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 한 대학 단과대학 1,500여 명의 학생들이 강의실, 도서관 등 학습시설을 이용하면서 병원체에 노출될 수 있는 미생물학적 위해도를 구내급식소에서 집기 접촉을 통해 위해도와 정량적으로 비교하였다. 총대장균군을 병원성의 미생물의 대리모델로 간주하고, 학생들이 공통적으로 이용하는 대학구내 집기별로, 표면의 세균농도에 접촉률, 전이율 등을 적용한 노출알고리즘을 설정하여 결정론적 방법에 의한 노출량을 산정하였다. 급식소 집기의 세균에 대한 노출량은 약 1.0 CFU/day이었으며, 학습시설의 세균에 대한 노출량은 0.5 CFU/day로 급식소에서 노출량의 절반에 해당하였다. 그러나, 개인별 급식소 이용 정도가 달라, 약 70%의 학생들은 급식시설보다 학습시설의 인체접촉면에서 교차감염에 더 많이 노출되는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 승강기버턴을 비롯한 일부 학습 시설의 인체접촉면은 급식소와 마찬가지로 주기적 위생관리를 필요로 하는 것으로 판단되며, 학생들의 개인위생 관리 이외에, 계절적으로 변동하는 교차감염 가능 병원체의 종류에 부합하도록 인체접촉면 위생관리를 효율적으로 실시하는 것이 권고된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Cole, J.R., Chai, B., and Farris, R.J. 2005. The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): sequences and tools for high-throughput rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 294-296.
  2. Ha, S.D. 2008. Management policy and safety problem of school food services Safe Food 3, 13-21.
  3. Holmes, E.C., Ghedin, E., Halpin, R.A., Stockwell, T.B., Zhang, X.Q., Fleming, R., Davey, R., Benson, C.A., Mehta, S., Taplitz, R., and et al. 2011. Extensive geographical mixing of 2009 human H1N1 influenza A virus in a single University community. J. Virol. 85, 6923-6929. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00438-11
  4. Kim, H.N. 2012. Sanitation evaluation of university restrooms and their users. Master Thesis, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. Gyeongsang National University, Jinjoo.
  5. Kim, J.H., Kim, Y.S., and Han, J.S. 2004. Seasonal changes of microbiological counts and sanitation state on the surface of foodservice facilities and utilities. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 33, 1653-1660. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.10.1653
  6. Kim, K., Nam, M., Nam, B.R., Ryu, H.J., Heo, R., Shim, W.B., and Chung, D.H. 2010. Microbiological safety assessment to secure safety of food service in university. J. Fd Hyg. Safety 25, 49-58.
  7. Kim, J.B., Park, Y.B., Kim, K.C., Kim, D.H., Kang, S.H., Lim, Y.S., Park, P.H., Yoon, M.H., and Lee, J.B. 2011. Evaluation and reduction of microbiological hazard of spoon and spoon case carried by nursery school children J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 40, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.1.116
  8. Kishino, H. and Hasegawa, M. 1989. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. J. Mol. Evol. 29, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02100115
  9. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. 2010 Epidemiological Investigation on Infectious Diseases in Korea : Annual Report Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong.
  10. Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. 2010. Report of the 6th Anthropometry of Size Korea. Ministry of Knowledge Economy Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Gwacheon, p. 656.
  11. Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., and et al. 2007. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23, 2947-2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404
  12. Lee, E.H. 2011. Microbiological safety assessment of food service in university. Master Thesis, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. Gyeongsang National University, Jinjoo.
  13. Lee, B.S., Kang, Y.G., Yoon, T.H., and Kook, Y.A. 2007. The frontal characteristics of esthetic lips and lips after anterior segmental osteotomy in Korean females. Kor. J. Orthod. 37, 331.
  14. Lee, J., Kim, J.N., and Zo, Y.G. 2012. Abundance of total coliform bacteria on surfaces of implements in community cafeterias on a college campus. Bulletin Basic Sci. Res. Center 23, 29-36.
  15. Lee, W., Yi, D.Y., Jung, B., Huh, J.Y., Kang, M.S., Hong, S.G., and Hong, S.K. 2009. Two cases of independent infection by Leclercia adecarboxylata. Infect. Chemother. 41, 109-112. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2009.41.2.109
  16. Lee, J. and Zo, Y.-G. 2011. Distribution of coliform bacteria on hand-handled surfaces of facilities and equipments in college campuses. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. Res. Center 18, 53-60.
  17. Palin, K. and Greer, M.L. 2013. The effect of mixing events on the dynamics of pH1N1 outbreaks at small residential colleges. J. Am. Coll. Health 60, 485-489.
  18. Park, H.J. and Bae, H.J. 2006. Evaluation of microbiological hazards of hygiene by the customers' hands in univeristy foodservice operation. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 35, 940-944. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.7.940
  19. Rosenblueth, M., Martínez, L., Silva, J., and Martínez-Romero, E. 2004. Klebsiella variicola, a novel species with clinical and plant-associated isolates. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1078/0723-2020-00261
  20. Stevens, M., Ashbolt, N., and Cunliffe, D. 2003. Review of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.
  21. Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28, 2731-2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
  22. Tanner, B.D. 2009. Reduction in infection risk through treatment of microbially contaminated surfaces with a novel, portable, saturated steam vapor disinfection system. Am. J. Infect. Control. 37, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.008

Cited by

  1. Isolation, Counting and Identification of Microorganisms from Elevator Button, ATM, and Smartphone Surface vol.41, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2019.41.8.419