Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지

Secondary Dispersion of Several Broadleaved Tree Seeds by Wildlife in Mt. Jungwang, Pyeongchang-gun, Korea

중왕산 몇 활엽수 종자의 야생동물에 의한 2차 분산

  • Kim, Gab-Tae (Dept. of Forest Sciences, Sangji Univ.) ;
  • Kim, Hoi-Jin (Dept. of Seed and Seedling Management, Kor. For. Seed and Var. Center)
  • 김갑태 (상지대학교 산림과학과) ;
  • 김회진 (국립산림품종관리센터)
  • Received : 2012.12.07
  • Accepted : 2013.02.13
  • Published : 2013.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To examine the proportion of secondary seed dispersion by wildlife and to identify the related wildlife, We measured seed removal rates and related wildlife at the natural mixed broadleaved forest in mountain Jungwang, Pyeungchang-gun in middle part of Korean peninsula, seed-tray contained four kind of tree seeds were setted from mid-september to late-October for three years. Mean seed removal rates(MSRR) of acorn(Q. mongolica)is shown the highest values 87.2%, next MSRR of samara(A. pseudosieboldianum) does 33.1%, MSRR of samara(A. pictum subsp. mono) does 29.2%. and then SRR of samara(A. mandshuricum) does only 13.6%. Acorns are removed more faster than samaras. Among the related wildlife, Siberian chipmunks most freqently visit seed tray, and ordered Korean squirrel, Wild boar, and Yellow-throated marten. Most secondary dispersed acorns might be consumed by Wild boar, and small portions does comsumed or scatter-hoarded by rodents. Most secondary dispersed samaras might be consumed by rodents, and small portions does scatter-hoarded by rodents. A few sound seeds are remained on the forest floor in late October owing to the seed consunption and seed hoarding by wildlife. We observe seedling establishment of four broadleaved tree species. From these results, We proved Wild boar is seed comsummer, and rodents are seed consummer and seed disperser. Further studies on secondary seed dispersion, seed consumption and hoarding and related wildlife should be needed.

야생동물에 의한 활엽수 종자의 2차 분산율과 관련 야생동물을 확인하고자, 온대중부의 천연활엽수 혼효림이 분포하는 평창군 중왕산 지역에서 9월 하순에 4수종의 종자를 배열한 seed-tray를 설치하여 10월 하순까지 야생동물에 의한 2차 분산율과 야생동물을 3년간 조사하였다. 신갈나무 종자가 평균 87.2%의 2차 분산율로 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 당단풍나무 종자 33.1%였으며, 고로쇠나무 종자 29.2%, 복장나무 종자는 13.6%로 2차 분산율이 가장 낮았다. 2차 분산도 신갈나무가 단풍나무류 세 수종보다 빠르게 진행되었다. 2차 분산에 관여하는 야생동물은 다람쥐(Siberian chipmunks)가 가장 빈번하게 방문하였고, 다음은 청설모(Korean squirrel), 멧돼지(Wild boar) 순이었으며, 드물게 방문한 종은 담비(Yellow-throated marten)였다. 신갈나무 종자는 대부분 멧돼지가 직접 소비하였거나, 다람쥐나 청설모 등이 물어가 소비하거나 분산저장한 것이라 추정된다. 대부분의 단풍나무류 종자는 직접 설치류들에 의해 소비되고 일부만 분산저장되는 것이라 추정된다. 야생동물의 포식과 분산저장으로 늦가을에 숲 바닥에 남아있는 건전종자는 거의 없었다. 연구 대상지에서 신갈나무, 고로쇠나무, 당단풍나무와 복장나무의 치수발생이 이루어지고 있음을 확인하였다. 이 연구의 결과로 숲에 서식하는 멧돼지는 종자 포식자이며, 설치류는 종자 포식자 또는 분산자임을 확인하였다. 앞으로 야생동물에 의한 종자의 2차 분산율, 소비와 분산저장량 및 관련 야생동물에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Chang, G., Z. Xiao and Z. Zhang (2009) Hoarding decisions by Edward's long-tailed rats(Leopoldamys edwardsi) and South China field mice(Apodemus draco): The responses to seed size and germination schedule in acorns. Behavioural Processes 82: 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.03.002
  2. Crawley, M.J.(2000) Seed predators and plant population dynamics, In; Fenner, M. (ed.), Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, 2nd ed. CABI Publishing, N.Y., pp. 167-182.
  3. den Ouden, J., P.A. Jensen and R. Smit(2005) Jays, mice and oaks: predation and dispersal of Quercus robur and Q. petraea in north-western Europe, In; Forget et al.(eds.), Seed Fate - Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CABI Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 283-295.
  4. Galetti, M., C.I. Donatti, C. Steffler, J. Genini, R.S. Bovendorp and M. Fleury(2010) The role of seed mass on the caching decision by agoutis, Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Agoutidae). Zoologia 27(3): 472-476. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702010000300022
  5. Hirsch, B.T., R. Kays and P.A. Jansen(2012) A telemetric thread tag for tracking seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents. Plant Ecology 213: 933-943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-012-0054-0
  6. Hulme, P.E. and J. Kollmann(2005) Seed predator guilds, spatial variation in post-dispersal seed predation and potential effects on plant demography: a temperate perspective, In; Forget et al.(eds.), Seed Fate - Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CABI Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 9-30.
  7. Kim, G.T. and H.J. Kim(2011) Studies on the seed characteristics and viabilities of six Acer species in relation to natural regeneration in Korea. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 25(3): 358-364. (in Korean)
  8. Kim, H.J. and D.K. Lee(2010) Seed viability and amount of major fallen broadleaved tree seeds in the middle part of Korean peninsula. The International Forestry Review 12(5): 237.
  9. Kim, H.J.(2011) Effects of Sex Morph, Flowering, Fruiting and Insect Predation on Viable Seed Production of Acer pictum subsp. mono in Mt. Jungwang, Gangwon-do, Korea. M.S. thesis, Seoul National University, 46pp. (in Korean)
  10. Korea Forest Service(2010) Forestry Technique II. pp. 64-65.
  11. Lee, E.J.(2011) Study on the Ecological Characteristics of the Three Dominant Rodent Species in the Forest Fire Damaged Area of Samchuk, Gangwon Province, Korea. Ph. D. thesis, Seoul National University, 252pp. (in Korean)
  12. Masaki, T., K. Osumi, K. Takahahi, K. Hoshizaki, K. Matsune and W. Suzuki(2007) Effects of microenvironmental heterogeneity on the seed-to-seedling process and tree coexistence in a riparian forest. Ecological Research 22: 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0308-1
  13. McEuen, A.B. and L.M. Curran(2006) Plant recruitment bottlenecks in temperature forest fragments: seed limitation and insect herbivory. Plant Ecology 184: 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9074-3
  14. Moles, A.T. and D.R. Drake(1999) Post-dispersal seed predation on eleven large-seeded species from New Zealand flora: a preliminary study in second forest. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 679-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512662
  15. Tamura, N. and F. Hayashi(2008) Geographic variation in walnut seed size correlates with hoarding behaviour of two rodent species. Ecological Research 23: 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0414-8
  16. Tamura, N., T. Katsuki and F. Hayashi(2005) Walnut seed dispersal: mixed effects of tree squirrels and field mice with different hoarding ability, In; Forget et al.(eds.), Seed Fate - Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CABI Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 241-252.
  17. Tanaka, H.(1995) Seed demography of three co-occurring Acer species in a Japanese temperate deciduous forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 887-896. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236403
  18. Theimer, T.C.(2005) Rodent scatterhoarders as conditional mutualists, In; Forget et al.(eds.), Seed Fate - Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CABI Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 283-295.
  19. Vander Wall, S.B., P.-M. Forget, J.E. Lambert and P.E. Hulme(2005) Seed fate pathways; Filling the gap between parent and offspring, In; Forget et al.(eds.), Seed Fate - Predation, Dispersal and Seedling Establishment. CABI Publishing, Massachusetts, pp. 1-8.
  20. Wang, B. and J. Chen(2009) Seed size, more than nutrient or tannin content, affects seed caching behavior of a common genus of Old World rodents. Ecology 90(11) : 3023-3032. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2188.1
  21. Zhang, H., U. Wang and Z. Zhang(2011) Response of seed-hoarding behaviour to conspecific audiences in scatter- and/ or larder- hoarding rodents. Behaviour 148: 25-842.