Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases

  • 제75권3호
  • /
  • Pages.89-94
  • /
  • 2013
  • /
  • 1738-3536(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2005-6184(eISSN)
대한결핵및호흡기학회 (The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Respiratory Review of 2013: Pulmonary Thromboembolism

  • Hwang, Hun Gyu (Respiratory Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Schulman, Sam (Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (Hamilton General Site), McMaster University)
  • 투고 : 2013.07.02
  • 심사 : 2013.09.02
  • 발행 : 2013.09.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Pulmonary embolism (PE), which can originate as a consequence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is the most frequent and potentially fatal venous thromboembolic event. Despite the fact that the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Asians is lower than that in the Western populations, a recent epidemiologic study demonstrates an increasing incidence of VTE in the Korean population. Anticoagulants, including low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and vitamin K antagonist (VKAs), have been the main treatments for PE, however, recently new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) were introduced. We will review how well patients with PE can be managed with the existing anticoagulants and NOACs along with the time span of treatment, which still pose some challenges for clinicians.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year populationbased study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:585-93. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.6.585
  2. Takach Lapner S, Kearon C. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism. BMJ 2013;346:f757. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f757
  3. Jang MJ, Bang SM, Oh D. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Korea: from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:85-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04108.x
  4. Bick RL, Murano G. Physiology of hemostasis. Clin Lab Med 1994;14:677-707.
  5. Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Romundstad P, Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Hammerstrom J. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:692-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02450.x
  6. Heit JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:370-2 https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.162545
  7. Dalen JE, Paraskos JA, Ockene IS, Alpert JS, Hirsh J. Venous thromboembolism: scope of the problem. Chest 1986;89(5 Suppl):370S-3S.
  8. Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:761-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.6.761
  9. Markel A. Origin and natural history of deep vein thrombosis of the legs. Semin Vasc Med 2005;5:65-74. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871743
  10. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):381S-453S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0656
  11. Kelly BM, Yoder BM, Tang CT, Wakefield TW. Venous thromboembolic events in the rehabilitation setting. PM R 2010;2:647-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.03.029
  12. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, Cushman M, Goldenberg N, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:1788-830. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f
  13. Miniati M, Cenci C, Monti S, Poli D. Clinical presentation of acute pulmonary embolism: survey of 800 cases. PLoS One 2012;7:e30891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030891
  14. Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galie N, Pruszczyk P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2008;29:2276-315. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310
  15. Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363:266-74. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0907731
  16. Wells PS. Advances in the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006;21:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-006-5573-x
  17. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Ginsberg J. Assessment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism by the combined use of clinical model and noninvasive diagnostic tests. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000;26:643-56. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-13219
  18. Mayo JR, Remy-Jardin M, Muller NL, Remy J, Worsley DF, Hossein-Foucher C, et al. Pulmonary embolism: prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology 1997;205:447-52. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.205.2.9356627
  19. Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2317-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052367
  20. Dentali F, Ageno W, Becattini C, Galli L, Gianni M, Riva N, et al. Prevalence and clinical history of incidental, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2010;125:518-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2010.03.016
  21. Di Nisio M, Squizzato A, Rutjes AW, Buller HR, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM. Diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer test for exclusion of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:296-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02328.x
  22. Geersing GJ, Erkens PM, Lucassen WA, Buller HR, Cate HT, Hoes AW, et al. Safe exclusion of pulmonary embolism using the Wells rule and qualitative D-dimer testing in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012;345:e6564. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6564
  23. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):454S-545S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0658
  24. Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, Wakefield TW, Tapson VF, Sostman HD, et al. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II Investigators. Radiology 2007;242:15-21. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2421060971
  25. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S- 94S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2301
  26. Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M, Carlsson A, Lindmarker P, Nicol P, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. The Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:393-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199702063360601
  27. Prandoni P. Anticoagulant treatment of pulmonary embolism: impact and implications of the EINSTEIN PE study. Eur J Haematol 2012;89:281-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.12002
  28. Kuo WT, Gould MK, Louie JD, Rosenberg JK, Sze DY, Hofmann LV. Catheter-directed therapy for the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis of modern techniques. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;20:1431-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2009.08.002
  29. EINSTEIN-PE Investigators, Buller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, Decousus H, Jacobson BF, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1287-97. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1113572
  30. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):160S-98S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0670
  31. Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM; American College of Chest P. New antithrombotic drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e120S-51S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2294
  32. Mavrakanas T, Bounameaux H. The potential role of new oral anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. Pharmacol Ther 2011;130:46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.12.007
  33. Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Eriksson BI, Gent M, Berkowitz SD, Misselwitz F, et al. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee arthroplasty: pooled analysis of four studies. Thromb Haemost 2011;105:444-53.
  34. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638
  35. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, Bassand JP, Bhatt DL, Bode C, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112277
  36. Buller HR, Gallus AS, Pillion G, Prins MH, Raskob GE; Cassiopea Investigators. Enoxaparin followed by once-weekly idrabiotaparinux versus enoxaparin plus warfarin for patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism: a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;379:123-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61505-5
  37. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, Mismetti P, Schellong S, Eriksson H, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2342-52. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0906598
  38. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, Schellong S, Eriksson H, Baanstra D, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368:709-18. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1113697
  39. Schulman S, Parpia S, Stewart C, Rudd-Scott L, Julian JA, Levine M. Warfarin dose assessment every 4 weeks versus every 12 weeks in patients with stable international normalized ratios: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:653- 9, W201-3. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00003
  40. Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e152S-84S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2295
  41. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: third edition. Br J Haematol 1998;101:374-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00715.x
  42. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, Cuppini S, Villalta S, Carta M, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:1-7. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-1-199607010-00001
  43. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A, Bernardi E, Simioni P, Girolami B, et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 2002;100:3484-8. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-01-0108
  44. Fareed J, Adiguzel C, Thethi I. Differentiation of parenteral anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Thromb J 2011;9:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-9560-9-5
  45. van Gogh Investigators, Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, Decousus H, Gallus AS, et al. Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1094-104. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa064247
  46. Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, Tosetto A, Brusi C, Iorio A, et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1780-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054444
  47. Verhovsek M, Douketis JD, Yi Q, Shrivastava S, Tait RC, Baglin T, et al. Systematic review: D-dimer to predict recurrent disease after stopping anticoagulant therapy for unprovoked venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:481-90, W94. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-7-200810070-00008
  48. Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, Kyrle PA. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation 2010;121:1630-6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.925214
  49. Tosetto A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, Baglin T, Cushman M, Eichinger S, et al. Predicting disease recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a proposed prediction score (DASH). J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:1019-25 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04735.x
  50. Schulman S. Optimal duration of anticoagulant therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 2013;39:141-6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333542
  51. EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, Buller HR, Decousus H, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2499-510. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007903
  52. Boutitie F, Pinede L, Schulman S, Agnelli G, Raskob G, Julian J, et al. Influence of preceding length of anticoagulant treatment and initial presentation of venous thromboembolism on risk of recurrence after stopping treatment: analysis of individual participants' data from seven trials. BMJ 2011;342:d3036. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3036
  53. PREPIC Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation 2005;112:416-22. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512834
  54. Gandhi R, Salonen D, Geerts WH, Khanna M, McSweeney S, Mahomed NN. A pilot study of computed tomographydetected asymptomatic pulmonary filling defects after hip and knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 2012;27:730-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2011.10.019
  55. Carrier M, Righini M, Wells PS, Perrier A, Anderson DR, Rodger MA, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary embolism diagnosed by computed tomography: incidence and clinical implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the management outcome studies. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1716-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03938.x
  56. Akl EA, Labedi N, Barba M, Terrenato I, Sperati F, Muti P, et al. Anticoagulation for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(6):CD006650.
  57. Hyers TM, Agnelli G, Hull RD, Morris TA, Samama M, Tapson V, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 2001;119(1 Suppl):176S-93S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.1_suppl.176S
  58. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, Bowden C, Kakkar AK, Prins M, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:146-53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa025313
  59. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e691S-736S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2300

피인용 문헌

  1. Medical and Interventional Options to Treat Pulmonary Embolism vol.16, pp.7, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-014-0503-6
  2. Evaluation of Optimal Parameters for Non-Contrast-Enhanced Non-Breath-Holding Pulmonary Artery MRA Using 3D-FSE Imaging with Variable Flip Angle Echo Trains vol.70, pp.11, 2013, https://doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2014_jsrt_70.11.1243
  3. Rare etiological causes of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: Reports of 2 cases vol.15, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2015.11.012
  4. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the D-dimer test in emergency department patients: secondary analysis of an observational study vol.57, pp.11, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0391
  5. Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Infectious Disease vol.83, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2020.0029