References
- 김지홍. 1993. 생태형태학적 특성 분석에 의한 활엽수종의 극성상지수 추정. 한국임학회지 81(4): 325-336.
- 박원규. 1993. 대기중 이산화탄소 증가와 한국산 아고산 침엽수류의 생장동향:연륜연대학적(年輪年代學的) 분석. 한국임학회지 82(1): 17-25.
- 산림청. 2003. 국가표준식물목록. (http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/).
- 산림청. 2009. 국가생물종지식정보시스템. (http://www.nature.go.kr/).
- 산림청. 2010. 공.사유림 산림습원조사 매뉴얼. 국립수목원. pp. 308.
- 산림청. 2010. 식별이 쉬운 나무도감. 국립수목원. pp. 726.
- 산림청. 2012. 휴양.문화. (https://www.forest.go.kr/).
- 안현철, 김갑태, 추갑철, 엄태원, 박상복, 박은희. 2010. 지리산 국립공원 천왕봉 지역 가문비나무림의 산림군집구조. 한국임학회지 99(4): 590-596.
- 윤충원. 1999. 금강소나무의 식생구조와 개체군동태 및 형태적 특성. 경북대학교 대학원 박사학위논문. pp. 147.
- 이경재, 한봉호, 최진우, 최인태, 홍석환, 배정희, 김지석, 기경석, 곽정인, 유은영, 장재훈, 이승환. 2006. 오대산 월정지구 전나무숲 보전을 위한 연구. 오대산국립공원관리공단 오대산사무소.
- 이경준, 한상섭, 김지홍, 김은식. 2004. 山林生態學. pp. 387.
- 이병천. 1999. 가문비나무의 분포 Pattern 및 동반식생에 대한 고찰. 국립산림과학원. pp. 27-29.
- 이상태, 박문섭, 전향미, 박진영, 조현서. 2008. 기후인자가 Pinus densiflora의 연륜 생장에 미치는 영향. 한국농림기상학회지 4(10):177-186.
- 이창복. 1990. 신고수목학. 향문사. 서울. pp. 332.
- 이창복. 2003. 원색대한식물도감. 향문사. pp. 999.
- 이창석, 조현제. 1993. 가야산 구상나무 군락의 구조 및 동태. 한국생태학회지 16(1): 75-91.
- 이창석. 1995. 한국 소나무림에서의 교란체제. 한국생태학회지 18(1): 179-188.
- 장웅순. 2008. 강원도 계방산 지역 가문비나무 임분의 식생 구조 및 공간 분포. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문. pp. 78.
- 조도순. 1992. 광릉자연림에서의 교란체제와 수목의 재생. 한국생태학회지 15(4): 359-410
- 한심희, 김두현, 김길남, 윤충원. 2012. 우리나라 가문비나무의 침엽 수명. 광색소 및 질소 배분 특성. 한국임학회지 101(1): 62-68.
- 홍성천, 변수현, 김삼식. 1987. 원색한국수목도감. 계명사. pp. 310.
- Aizawa, M., Yoshimaru, H. Saito, Saito, T. Katsuki,T. Kawahara, T. Kitamura S.K. and Shi, S.F. 2007. Phylogeography of a northeast Asin spruce, Picea jezoensis, inferred from genetic variation observed in organell DNA makers. Molecular Ecology 16: 3393-3405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03391.x
- Armesto, J.J. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1985. Experiments on disturbance in old-field plant communities: Impact on species richness and abundance. Ecology 66: 230-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941323
- Austin, M.P. 1976. On non-linear species response models in ordination. Vegetatio 33: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055297
- Barbour, M.G., Buck, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. 1987. Terrestrial plant ecology, 2nd ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. Menlo Park. pp. 155-229.
- Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. 1980. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA.
- Brokaw, N.V.L. 1982. Tree falls : Frequency, timing and consequences. In E.G. Leigh Jr., A. S. Rand and D. M. Windsor(eds.). The Ecology of a tropical forest : Seasonal rhythms and long-term change. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 101-108.
- Brokaw, N.V.L. and Scheiner, S.M. 1989. Species composition in gaps and structure of a tropical forest. Ecology 70: 538-541. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940196
- Canham, C.D. 1985. Suppression and release during canopy recruitment in Acer saccharum Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical. Club 112: 134-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2996410
- Clinton, B.D. and Baker, C.R. 2000. Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians:characteristic of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses. Forest Ecology and Management 126: 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00082-1
- Falinski, J.B. 1978. Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence in the primeval forest biotope. Vegetatio 38: 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00123268
- Ford, E.D. 1975. Competition and stand structure in some even-aged plant monocultures. Journal of Ecology 63: 311-333. https://doi.org/10.2307/2258857
- Foster, D.R. 1988. Uprooted trees, their distribution and influence in the primeval forest biotope. Journal of Vegetation Science 38: 175-183.
- Fritts, H.C. and Swetnam, T.W. 1986. Dendroecology : A tool for evaluation variations in past and present forest environments. Tree-Ring Lab, U. of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
- Harper, J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press. New York. pp. 892.
- Kanzaki, M. and Yoda, K. 1986. Regeneration in subalpine coniferous forest communities. II. Mortality and the pattern of death of canopy trees. Journal of Plant Research Tokyo 99:37-51.
- Keisuke, Y. and Masato, S. 2010. Site preference and occurrence patterns of Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis on decayed logs in natural coniferous forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Journal of Forest Research 15: 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-009-0162-4
- Krestov, P.V. and Nakamura, Y. 2002. Phytosociological study of the Picea jezoensis forests of the Far East. Folia Geobotanica 37: 441-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803257
- Lee, S.W., Yang, B.H., Hur, S.D., Lee, J.J. Song, J.H. and Moriguchi, Y. 2008. Genetic diversity and structure of natural populations of Picea jezoensis in South Korea. Journal of Korean Forest Society 97(2): 187-195.
- Lijima, H., Satio, H. and Takahashi, K. 2006. The water relation of seedling of Picea jezoensis on fallen longs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 664-670. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-285
- Masahiko, N., Toshihide, H., Tsuyoshi, S., Shigeo, O. and Akio, K. 2003. Effect of seed source elevation on bud opening of Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis). Journal of Forest Research 8: 267-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-003-0036-0
- Mohler, C.L., Marks, P.L. and Sprugel, D.G. 1978. Stand structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. Journal of Ecology 66: 559-614.
- Nakagawa, M., Kurahashi, A., Kaji, M. and Hogetsu, T. 2001. The effects of selection cutting on regeneration of Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis in the sub-boreal forests of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 146: 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00445-X
- Nakashizuka, T. 1984. Regeneration process of climax beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forest. IV. Gap formation. Japan Journal of Ecology 34: 75-85.
- Narukawa, Y. and yamamoto, S.I. 2001. Gap formation, microsite variation and the conifer seedling occurrence in a subalpine old-growth forest, central Japan. Ecological Research 16: 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00424.x
- Oliver, C.D. and Larson, B.C. 1990. Forest stand dynamics. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York. pp. 467.
- Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press. pp. 3-13.
- Ruel, J.C., Pin D. and Cooper, K. 2001. Windthrow in riparian buffer strips:effect of wind exposure, thinning and strip width. Forest Ecology and Management 143: 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00510-7
- Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some oldgrowth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63: 1533-1546. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938878
- Runkle, J.R. 1985. Disturbance regimes in temperate forest. in S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White (eds.). Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press. New York. pp. 17-34.
- Schweingruber, F.H. 1988. Tree Rings : Basic and applications of Dendrochronology, D. Reidel Pub. Co, Dordrecht, Holland. pp. 276.
- Takahashi, K., Homma, K., Vetrova, V.P., Florenzev, S. and Hara, T. 2001. Stand structure and regeneration im a Kamchatka mixed boreal forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 627-634. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236902
- Tilman, D. 1986. Resource, Competition and the Dynamics of Plant Communities. Plant Ecology. pp. 51-76.
- Ulanova, N.G. 2000. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a reviews. Forest Ecology Management 135: 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00307-8
- Vogl, R.J. 1980. The ecological factors that produce perturbation-dependent ecosystems. In: J. Cairns(Editor), Recovery process in damaged ecosystem. Ann. Arbor Science Publishers, Ann. Arbor, Michigan, USA, pp. 63-94.
- Walter, H., Harnickel, E. and Mueller-Dombois, D. 1975. Climate-diagram maps. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. pp. 36.
- White, P.S. 1979. Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review 45: 229-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860857
- Yu, D., Wang, GG. and Dai, L. 2006. Dendrclimatic response of Picea jezoensis along an altitudinal gradient in Changbai Mountains. Science in China Series E: Technology Science 49: 150-159.