Korean Journal of Metals and Materials (대한금속재료학회지)

The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials (대한금속재료학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Metallurgical Observation of the Buddhist Bell of Youngmoon Mountain Sangwonsa Temple

용문산 상원사 범종의 금속학적 고찰

  • Doh, Jungmann (Center for Traditional Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, Bangju (College of BioNano Tech., Gachon Univ.) ;
  • Lee, Jungil (Center for Traditional Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Hong, Kyungtae (Center for Traditional Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
  • 도정만 (한국과학기술연구원 전통과학기술사업단) ;
  • 박방주 (가천대학교 바이오나노학부) ;
  • 이정일 (한국과학기술연구원 전통과학기술사업단) ;
  • 홍경태 (한국과학기술연구원 전통과학기술사업단)
  • Received : 2012.05.29
  • Published : 2012.11.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The microstructure, chemical composition, and lead isotope ratio of the Buddhist bell of Yongmoon Mountain Sangwonsa temple, which was selected as one of the three great bells of Korea by Japanese historians, were analyzed in order to estimate the origin of the material and the time of casting. The microstructure of the temple bell was composed of a copper matrix phase with ${\alpha}$, a face centered cubit lattice structure, a ${\delta}$ phase with $Cu_{41}$ $(Sn,Ag,Sb)_{11}$ as the chemical structural formula, dispersed lead and $Cu_2S$ particles, and locally agglomerated fine particles. Through analysis of the chemical composition of the bell, a criterion (Pb: 0-3.0 wt%, Sn: 10-15 wt%) for distinguishing the bells of the Shilla dynasty from the bells of the Koryo Chosun dynasty is proposed. Examining the lead isotope ratio of $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ and $^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$ of the Buddhist bell of Sangwonsa temple proved that the bell was fabricated using raw materials in South Korea, which led to the conclusion that the bell was cast in Korea and the top board of the bell has been damaged by an unknown individual. The criteria of distinguishing the bells from the Shilla dynasty from the bells of the Koryo Chosun dynasty presented for the first time in this research is expected to aid in identifying and estimating the previously unclear production years of other bells.

Keywords

References

  1. E. S. Kwan, History of Hongan-ji Buddhist Temple at Namsan Mountain, pp.1-35, Hongan-ji Temple (1931).
  2. S. Y. Hwang, Transactions of Buddhist History celebrating Dr. Myounggi Cho's 60th birthday Anniversary, pp.13-32, University of Dongkook Press (1965).
  3. C. W. Nam, J. of Korean Historical Association 53-54, 271 (1972).
  4. R. Chuboy, J. of Toykyo Archaological Association 3, 166 (1932)
  5. R. Chuboy, J. of The Chin-Tan Society 31, 51 (1967).
  6. C. W. Nam, Rediscovery of artifact, pp.159-256, Hakgojae (1997).
  7. H. Sugiyama, International conference on Bell, Nara Museum, Nara, Japan (1998).
  8. J. Choi, S. C. Kim, H. Mabuchi, and Y. Hirao, J. Kor. Inst. Met & Mater. 24, 540 (1986).
  9. Y. H. Yeom, Korean Bell, p.43, Seoul National University Press (1991).
  10. H. J. Yoo, Recording Project Report of Important movable assets cultural property (Buddhist Bell), Vol. 1-4, Cultural Heritage Administration (2006-2009).
  11. W. B. Kang, Comprehensive Report on a Buddhist Bell of Great King of Sungdeuk, p.428, Gyeongju National Museum (1999).
  12. I. K. Huh, J. Y. Ahn, H. T. Kang, and H. S, Yu, Proc. 34th Fall Conference on Conservation Science, pp.171-172, Korean Society of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage (2011).
  13. S. J. Mang, J. Kor. Inst. Met & Mater. 13, 454 (1975).
  14. Greenwood, N. Norman, and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, p.1373, Oxford Pergamon, London (1984).
  15. R. Blachnik, A. Muller, Thermochimica Acta, 361, 31 (2000).
  16. H. T. Kang, J. O. Kim, H. N. Kwon, and H. S. Yu, J. Conservation Science in Museum, 5, 49 (2004).
  17. Y. Hirao, Distribution of ancient bronze in East Asia, pp.68-71, Haksandang Press (2001).
  18. Y. H. Yeom, J. Korean Society of BumJong 10, 7 (1987).