Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Adding Essential Oil to the Diet of Weaned Pigs on Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Immune Response and Intestinal Health

  • Li, Pengfei (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Piao, Xiangshu (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ru, Yingjun (Danisco Animal Nutrrition) ;
  • Han, Xu (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Xue, Lingfeng (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Zhang, Hongyu (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2012.05.28
  • Accepted : 2012.07.15
  • Published : 2012.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding essential oils to the diet of weaned pigs on performance, nutrient utilization, immune response and intestinal health. A total of 96 weaning pigs ($8.37{\pm}1.58$ kg) were allotted to one of three dietary treatments. The treatments consisted of an unsupplemented basal diet (negative control, NC) or similar diets supplemented with 0.01% of an essential oil product which contained 18% thymol and cinnamaldehyde (EOD) as well as a diet supplemented with 0.19% of an antibiotic mixture which provided 150 ppm chlortetracycline, 80 ppm colistin sulfate and 50 ppm kitasamycin (positive control, PC). Each treatment was provided to eight pens of pigs with four pigs per pen. Over the entire 35 d experiment, ADG and fecal score were improved (p<0.05) for pigs fed the PC and EOD compared with the NC. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility as well as lymphocyte proliferation for pigs fed the PC and EOD diets were increased significantly compared with NC (p<0.05). IGF-I levels in plasma were significantly increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the PC diet compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Interleukin-6 concentration was lower (p<0.05) and the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ level was higher (p<0.05) in the plasma of pigs fed the EOD diet than the NC diet. Plasma total antioxidant capacity level increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the EOD diet compared with pigs fed the NC. Villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was greater (p<0.05) in pigs fed the PC and EOD diets than the NC. The numbers of E. coli in the cecum, colon and rectum were reduced (p<0.05) in pigs fed the PC and EOD diets compared with the control. In the colon, the ratio of Lactobacilli to E. coli was increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the EOD diet compared with NC diet. Total aerobe numbers in the rectum were decreased (p<0.05) in pigs fed the PC and EOD diets compared with the control. Collectively, these results indicate that blends of essential oils could be a candidate for use as an alternative to traditional antibiotics in weaning pig diets.

Keywords

References

  1. Amerah, A. M., A. Peron, F. Zaefarian and V. Ravindran. 2011. Influence of whole wheat inclusion and a blend of essential oils on the performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 52:124-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.548791
  2. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, A., VA, USA.
  3. Boudry, G., V. Peron, I. Le Huerou-Luron, J. P. Lalles and B. Seve. 2004. Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine. J. Nutr. 134:2256-2562.
  4. Burt, S. 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. A review. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 94:223-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
  5. Castillo, M., S. M. Martin-Orue, M. Roca, E. G. Manzanilla, I. Badiola, J. F. Perez and J. Gasa. 2006. The response of gastrointestinal microbiota to avilamycin, butyrate, and plant extracts in early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2725-2734. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2004-556
  6. Cho, J. H., Y. J. Chen, B. J. Min, H. J. Kim, O. S. Kwon, K. S. Shon, I. H. Kim, S. J. Kim and A. Asamer. 2006. Effects of essential oils supplementation on growth performance, IgG concentration and fecal noxious gas concentration of weaned pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:80-85.
  7. Cromwell, G. L. 2002. Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Anim. Biotechnol. 13:7-27. https://doi.org/10.1081/ABIO-120005767
  8. Deng, Z. Y., J. W. Zhang, G. Y. Wu, Y. L. Yin, Z. Ruan, T. J. Li, W. Y. Chu, X. F. Kong, Y. M. Zhang, Y. W. Fan, R. Liu and R. L. Huang. 2007a. Dietary supplementation with polysaccharides from Semen cassiae enhances immunoglobulin production and interleukin gene expression in early-weaned piglets. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:1868-1873. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2908
  9. Deng, Z. Y., J. W. Zhang, J. Li, Y. W. Fan, S. W. Cao, R. L. Huang, Y. L. Yin, H. Y. Zhong and T. J. Li. 2007b. Effect of polysaccharides of cassiae seeds on the intestinal microflora of piglets. Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 16(Suppl 1):143-147.
  10. Fairbrother, J. M., E. Nadeau and C. L. Gyles. 2005. Escherichia coli in post weaning diarrhea in pigs: An update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 6:17-39. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHR2005105
  11. Franca, C. S., F. S. Menezes, L. C. Costa, E. S. Niculau, P. B. Alves, J. E. Pinto and R. M. Marcal. 2008. Analgesic and antidiarrheal properties of ocimum selloi essential oil in mice. Fitoterapia 79:569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.06.002
  12. Grassmann, J., D. Schneider, D. Weiser and E. F. Elstner. 2001. Antioxidative effects of lemon oil and its components on copper induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Arzneimittel-Forschung 51:799-805.
  13. Hao, Y., X. S. Piao and X. L. Piao. 2012. Saikosaponin-d inhibits $\beta$-conglycinin induced activation of rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 13:257-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.021
  14. Janczyk, P., R. Pieper, V. Urubschurov, K. R. Wendler and W. B. Souffrant. 2009. Investigations on the effects of dietary essential oils and different husbandry conditions on the gut ecology in piglets after weaning. Int. J. Microbiol. 2009:1-9.
  15. Johnson, R. W. 1997. Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1244-1255.
  16. Jugl-Chizzola, M., E. Ungerhofer, C. Gabler, W. Hagmuller, R. Chizzola, K. Zitterl-Eglseer and C. Franz. 2006. Testing of the palatability of thymus vulgaris l and origanum vulgare l as flavouring feed additive for weaner pigs on the basis of a choice experiment. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 119: 238-243.
  17. Ketelslegers, J. M., D. Maiter, M. Maes, L. E. Underwood and J. P. Thissen. 1995. Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Metabolism 44:50-57.
  18. Kong, X. F., G. Y. Wu, Y. L. Yin, H. J. Liu, F. G. Yin, T. J. Li, R. L. Huang, P. Kang, F. Xing, M. Z. Fan, C. B. Yang and Q. H. He. 2007a. Dietary supplementation with Chinese herbal ultra-fine 3 powder enhances cellular and humoral immunity in early weaned piglets. Livest. Sci. 108:94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.002
  19. Kong, X. F., Y. L. Yin, G. Y. Wu, Y. Q. Hou, H. J. Liu, F. G. Yin, T. J. Li, R. L. Huang, Z. Ruan, H. Xiong, Z. Y. Deng, M. Y. Xie, Y. Y. Liao, L. X. Chen and S. W. Kim. 2007b. Dietary supplementation with acanthopanax senticosus extract modulates cellular and humoral immunities in weaned piglets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20:1453-1461. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1453
  20. Kroismayr, A., K. Schedle, J. Sehm, M. W. Pfaffl, C. Plitzner, H. Foissy, T. Ettle, H. Mayer, M. Schreiner and W. Windisch. 2008a. Effects of antimicrobial feed additives on gut microbiology and blood parameters of weaned piglets. Bodenkultur 59:111-120.
  21. Kroismayr, A., J. Sehm, M. W. Pfaffl, K. Schedle, C. Plitzner and W. Windisch. 2008b. Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53:377-387.
  22. Li, J., D. F. Li, J. J. Xing, Z. B. Cheng and C. H. Lai. 2006. Effects of beta-glucan extracted from saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2374-2381. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2004-541
  23. Lien, T. F., Y. M. Horng and C. P. Wu. 2007. Feasibility of replacing antibiotic feed promoters with the Chinese traditional herbal medicine Bazhen in weaned piglets. Livest. Sci. 107:97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.09.008
  24. Liu, P., X. S. Piao, P. A. Thacker, Z. K. Zeng, P. F. Li, D. Wang and S. W. Kim. 2010. Chito-oligosaccharide reduces diarrhea incidence and attenuates the immune response of weaned pigs challenged with escherichia coli k88. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3871-3879. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2771
  25. Liu, Y., L. Gong, D. Li, Z. Feng, L. Zhao and T. Dong. 2003. Effects of fish oil on lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production and intracellular signaling in weanling pigs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:151-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003942031000136594
  26. Manzanilla, E. G., M. Nofrarias, M. Anguita, M. Castillo, J. F. Perez, S. M. Martin-Orue, C. Kamel and J. Gasa. 2006. Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 2743-2751. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-509
  27. Manzanilla, E. G., J. F. Perez, M. Martin, J. C. Blandon, F. Baucells, C. Kamel and J. Gasa. 2009. Dietary protein modifies effect of plant extracts in the intestinal ecosystem of the pig at weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2029-2037. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1210
  28. Manzanilla, E. G., J. F. Perez, M. Martin, C. Kamel, F. Baucells and J. Gasa. 2004. Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 82:3210-3218.
  29. Mao, X. F., X. S. Piao, C. H. Lai, D. F. Li, J. J. Xing and B. L. Shi. 2005. Effects of beta-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2775-2782.
  30. Miller, E. L. 1967. Determination of the tryptophan content of feedingstuffs with particular reference to cereals. J. Sci. Food Agric. 18:381-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740180901
  31. Namkung, H., M. Li, J. Gong, H. Yu, M. Cottrill and C. F. M. de Lange. 2004. Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 697-704. https://doi.org/10.4141/A04-005
  32. Nofrarias, M., E. G. Manzanilla, J. Pujols, X. Gibert, N. Majo, J. Segales and J. Gasa. 2006. Effects of spray-dried porcine plasma and plant extracts on intestinal morphology and on leukocyte cell subsets of weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2735-2742. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-414
  33. NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, W., DC, USA.
  34. Osek, J. 1999. Prevalence of virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy piglets after weaning. Vet. Microbiol 68:209-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00109-1
  35. Owens, P. C., K. L. Gatford, P. E. Walton, W. Morley and R. G. Campbell. 1999. The relationship between endogenous insulin-like growth factors and growth in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2098-2103.
  36. Pie, S., J. P. Lalles, F. Blazy, J. Laffitte, B. Seve and I. P. Oswald. 2004. Weaning is associated with an up-regulation of expression of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets. J. Nutr. 134:641-647.
  37. Pluske, J. R., D. J. Hampson and I. H. Williams. 1997. Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 51:215-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00057-2
  38. Schone, F., A. Vetter, H. Hartung, H. Bergmann, A. Biertumpfel, G. Richter, S. Muller and G. Breitschuh. 2006. Effects of essential oils from fennel (foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (carvi aetheroleum) in pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.) 90: 500-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00632.x
  39. Shen, Y. B., X. S. Piao, S. W. Kim, L. Wang, P. Liu, I. Yoon and Y. G. Zhen. 2009. Effects of yeast culture supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune response of nursery pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2614-2624. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1512
  40. Spreeuwenberg, M. A., J. M. Verdonk, H. R. Gaskins and M. W. Verstegen. 2001. Small intestine epithelial barrier function is compromised in pigs with low feed intake at weaning. J. Nutr. 131:1520-1527.
  41. Spurlock, M. E. 1997. Regulation of metabolism and growth during immune challenge: An overview of cytokine function. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1773-1783.
  42. van den Bogaard, A. E. and E. E. Stobberingh. 1999. Antibiotic usage in animals: Impact on bacterial resistance and public health. Drugs 58:589-607. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199958040-00002
  43. Wang, Y. Z., C. L. Xu, Z. H. An, J. X. Liu and J. Feng. 2008. Effect of dietary bovine lactoferrin on performance and antioxidant status of piglets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140: 326-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.006
  44. Wei, A. and T. Shibamoto. 2007. Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 1737-1742. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062959x
  45. Wang, D., X. S. Piao, Z. K. Zeng, T. Lu, Q. Zhang, P. F. Li, L. F. Xue and S. W. Kim. 2011. Effects of keratinase on performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology, intestinal ecology and inflammatory response of weaned piglets fed diets with different levels of crude protein. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24:1718-1728. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.11132
  46. Williams, C. H., D. J. David and O. Lismaa. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces sample by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. Agric. Sci. 59:381-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960001546X
  47. Windisch, W., K. Schedle, C. Plitzner and A. Kroismayr. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 86:E140-E148.
  48. Yan, L., J. P. Wang, H. J. Kim, Q. W. Meng, X. Ao, S. M. Hong and I. H. Kim. 2010. Influence of essential oil supplementation and diets with different nutrient densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and faecal noxious gas content in grower-finisher pigs. Livest. Sci. 128:115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.008
  49. Yin, Y. L., Z. R. Tang, Z. H. Sun, Z. Q. Liu, T. J. Li, R. L. Huang, Z. Ruan, Z. Y. Deng, B. Gao, L. X. Chen, G. Y. Wu and S. W. Kim. 2008. Effect of galacto-mannan-oligosaccharides or chitosan supplementation on cytoimmunity and humoral immunity response in early-weaned piglets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 21:723-731. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70408
  50. Zitterl-Eglseer, K., W. Wetscherek, A. Stoni, A. Kroismayr and W. Windisch. 2008. Bioavailability of essential oils of a phytobiotic feed additive and impact of performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets. Bodenkultur 59:121-129.

Cited by

  1. Study of the Catabolism of Thyme Phenols Combining in Vitro Fermentation and Human Intervention vol.62, pp.45, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf503748y
  2. Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low-energy diet on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs vol.86, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12277
  3. ) as performance enhancers in growing pigs vol.86, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12331
  4. Assessment of Fecal Microflora Changes in Pigs Supplemented with Herbal Residue and Prebiotic vol.10, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132961
  5. Dietary supplementation of Digestarom® herbal formulation: effect on apparent digestibility, faecal and caecal microbial counts and live performance of growing rabbits vol.24, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.4069
  6. A carvacrol–thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets vol.11, pp.02, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116001397
  7. Enrichment of Animal Diets with Essential Oils—A Great Perspective on Improving Animal Performance and Quality Characteristics of the Derived Products vol.4, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4020035
  8. Raddi) essential oil on performance, small intestinal morphology and microbial counts of weanling pigs vol.98, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8494
  9. Phytobiotics in poultry and swine nutrition – a review pp.1828-051X, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1350120
  10. Addition of phytogenic blend in different nutrient density diets of meat-type ducks vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1411265
  11. Thymol and Carvacrol Affect Hybrid Tilapia through the Combination of Direct Stimulation and an Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Effect: Insights from a Germ-Free Zebrafish Model vol.146, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.229377
  12. Effects of dietary coated-oleum cinnamomi supplementation on the immunity and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens pp.13443941, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13094
  13. Effect of Oxidized Soybean Oils on Oxidative Status and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens vol.20, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0610
  14. Effect of supplementing milk replacer with aromatic oregano (Oreganum onites L.) water on performance, immunity and general health profiles of Holstein calves vol.58, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16574
  15. Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain vol.49, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0559-1
  16. Immunomodulatory effects of phytogenics in chickens and pigs — A review vol.31, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0657
  17. Effects of plant essential oil supplementation on growth performance, immune function and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs vol.17, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0788-3
  18. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for use in swine production: a review vol.4, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-35
  19. Effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, immune system, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microflora community in weaned piglets vol.97, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky426
  20. Effects of different vehiculization strategies for the allium derivative propyl propane thiosulfonate during dynamic simulation of the pig gastrointestinal tract pp.1918-1825, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0063
  21. Determination of carcase yield, sensory and acceptance of meat from male and female pigs with dietary supplementation of oregano essential oils pp.1828-051X, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1553507
  22. Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review vol.6, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0004-5
  23. Colistin in Pig Production: Chemistry, Mechanism of Antibacterial Action, Microbial Resistance Emergence, and One Health Perspectives vol.7, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01789
  24. Effect of Tributyrin Supplementation in Diet on Production Performance and Gastrointestinal Tract of Healthy Nursery Pigs vol.15, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.954.962
  25. Efficacy of Phytogenic Feed Additive on Performance, Production and Health Status of Monogastric Animals – A Review vol.17, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0079
  26. Role of dietary nucleotides to mitigate post-weaning stress in newly weaned pigs vol.44, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20170054
  27. Effects of dietary chlortetracycline, Origanum essential oil, and pharmacological Cu and Zn on growth performance of nursery pigs vol.2, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txx004
  28. Effects of phytogenic feed additives on cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in intestinal porcine epithelial cells vol.96, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky263
  29. The effects of microencapsulated compounds supplementation on growth performance, immune cells, and rectal temperature in weaned pigs by lipopolysaccharides vol.99, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0166
  30. Essential Oil Blend Could Decrease Diarrhea Prevalence by Improving Antioxidative Capability for Weaned Pigs vol.9, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100847
  31. Effect of dietary energy levels on growth performance, blood parameter and intestinal morphology of Pekin ducks in low ambient temperature vol.61, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.6.305
  32. Effects of Thymol and Thymol α-D-Glucopyranoside on Intestinal Function and Microbiota of Weaned Pigs vol.10, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020329
  33. Dietary supplementation of plant essential oil improves growth performance, intestinal morphology and health in weaned pigs vol.104, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13271
  34. Dietary phytonutrients and animal health: regulation of immune function during gastrointestinal infections vol.98, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa030
  35. Addition of a Mixture of Plant Extracts to Diets for Growing-Finishing Pigs on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, Carcass Traits, Organ Weight as a Percentage of Live Weight, Quality and Sensorial vol.10, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071229
  36. Replacing dietary antibiotics with 0.20% l-glutamine and synbiotics following weaning and transport in pigs vol.98, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa272
  37. The Influence of Essential Oils on Gut Microbial Profiles in Pigs vol.10, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101734
  38. Benzoic Acid Combined with Essential Oils Can Be an Alternative to the Use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters for Piglets Challenged with E. coli F4 vol.10, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111978
  39. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of thymol and cinnamaldehyde in a pig intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) vol.8, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3920/jaan2020.0010
  40. Hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera leaf and α-tocopherol acetate in diets containing oxidised oil: effects on growth performance, immune response, and oxidative status in broiler chick vol.19, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2020.1808537
  41. Nanoencapsulation (in vitro and in vivo) as an efficient technology to boost the potential of garlic essential oil as alternatives for antibiotics in broiler nutrition vol.15, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100022
  42. The effects of oregano essential oil on production performance and intestinal barrier function in growing Hyla rabbits vol.20, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2021.2005471
  43. Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention vol.8, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.628258
  44. Effects of Three-Layer Encapsulated Tea Tree Oil on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs vol.8, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.789225
  45. The nutritional applications of garlic (Allium sativum) as natural feed additives in animals vol.9, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11934
  46. Effects of Zinc and Menthol-Based Diets on Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance among E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle vol.11, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020259
  47. Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acid Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low-Protein/High-Carbohydrate Diets vol.11, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020555
  48. Essential Oils in Livestock: From Health to Food Quality vol.10, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020330
  49. Towards Zero Zinc Oxide: Feeding Strategies to Manage Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets vol.11, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030642
  50. Allium Extract Implements Weaned Piglet’s Productive Parameters by Modulating Distal Gut Microbiota vol.10, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030269
  51. Effects of tea tree oil supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status and microbial community in weaned pigs vol.75, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2021.1877074
  52. Dietary essential oil extract from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and bitter lemon (Citrus limon) peels improved Nile tilapia performance and health status vol.52, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15000
  53. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of a Citrus Essential Oil and Its Fractions vol.26, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102888
  54. The effect of additives with essential oils on the productivity of young pigs vol.12, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.15421/022114
  55. Investigating the Effects of a Phytobiotics-Based Product on the Fecal Bacterial Microbiome of Weaned Pigs vol.11, pp.7, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071950
  56. Cinnamaldehyde Induces Release of Cholecystokinin and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 by Interacting with Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in a Porcine Ex-Vivo Intestinal Segment Model vol.11, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082262
  57. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics by lambs fed an oregano and cobalt blend vol.15, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100365
  58. Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline vol.19, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6864
  59. Boosting animal performance, immune index and antioxidant status in post-weaned bull calves through dietary augmentation of selective traditional medicinal plants vol.14, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100197