References
- Allen W, Wilsher S, Turnbull C, Stewart F, Ousey J and Rossdale PD. 2002. Influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse. Reproduction 123: 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1230445
- Bell A and Bauman DE. 1997. Adaptations of glucose metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 2:265-278. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026336505343
- Brickell JS, Bourne B, McGowan MM and Wathes DC. 2009. Effect of growth and development during the rearing period on the subsequent fertility of nulliparous Holstein-Friesian heifers. Theriogenology 72:408-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.03.015
- Brito LF, Barth AD, Rawlings NC, Wilde RE, Crews Jr DH, Mir PS and Kastelic JP. 2007. Effect of nutrition during calfhood and peripubertal period on serum metabolic hormones, gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations, and on sexual development in bulls. Domest. Anim. Endorinol. 33:406-469.
- Dechow DC, Rogers GW and Clay JS. 2002. Heritability and correlations among body condition score loss, body condition score, production and reproductive performance. J. Dairy. Sci. 85:3062-3070. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74393-2
- Ettema JF and Santos JE. 2004. Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms. J. Dairy. Sci. 87:2730-2742. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73400-1
- Evans RD, Wallace M, Garrick DJ, Dillon P, Berry DP and Olori V. 2006. Effects of calving age, breed fraction and month of calving on calving interval and survival across parities in Irish spring-calving dairy cows. Livest Sci. 100: 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.003
- Gunn FG, Sim D and Hunter EA. 1995. Effects of nutrition in utero and in early life on the subsezuent lifetime reproductive performance of Scottish Blackface ewes in two management systems. Anim. Sci. 60:223-230. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800008389
- Hansen M. 2004. Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Mortality in Danish Holstein Calves. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.
- Hare E, Norman HD and Wright JR. 2006. Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy. Sci. 89:365-370. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72102-6
- Hoffman PC. 1997. Optimum body size of Holstein replacement heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:836-845.
- Johanson JM and Berger PJ. 2003. Birth weight as a predictor of calving ease and perinatal mortality in Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3745-3755. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73981-2
- Johanson JM, and Berger PJ. 2003. Birth weight as a predictor of calving ease and perinatal mortality in Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:3745-3755. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73981-2
- Kertz AF, Reutzel LF Barton BA and Ely RL. 1997. Body weight, body condition score, and wither height of prepartum Holstein cows and birth weight and sex of calves by parity: a database and summary. J. Dairy. Sci. 80:525-529. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75966-6
- Lammers BP, Heinrichs AJ and Kensinger RS. 1999. The effects of accelerated growth rates and estrogen implants in prepubertal Holstein heifers on estimates of mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1753-1764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75406-8
- Mayne CS, McCoy MA, Lennox SD, Mackey DR, Verner M and Catney DC. 2002. Fertility of dairy cows in Northern Ireland. Vet. Rec. 150:707-713. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.150.23.707
- Opsomer G, Coryn M, Deluyker H and Kruif A. 1998. An analaysis of ovarian dysfunction in high yielding dairy cows after calving based on progesterone profiles. Reprod. Dom. Anim. 33:193-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.1998.tb01342.x
- Pirlo G, Miglior F and Speroni M. 2000. Effect of age at first calving on production traits and on difference between milk yield returns and rearing costs in Italian Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 83:603-608. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74919-8
- Prior R and Laster DB. 1979. Development of the bovine fetus. J. Anim. Sci. 48:1546-1553.
- Rhind SM, Elson DA, Jones JR, Rees JR, McMillen SR and Gunn RG. 1998. Effects of restriction of growth and development of Brecon Cheviot ewe lambs on subsequent lifetime reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Res. 30: 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00103-5
- Rhind SM. 2004. Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal and neonatal reproductive development and function. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82:169-182.
- Robinson J, Sinclair KD and McEvoy TG. 1999. Nutritional Effects on foetal growth. Animal Science 68:315-331.
- Swali A and Wathes DC. 2006. Influence of the dam and sire on size at birth and subsequent growth, milk production and fertility in dairy heifers. Theriogenology 66:1173-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.028
- Taylor VJ, Beever DE and Wattes DC. 2003. Physiological adaptations to milk production that affect fertility in high yielding dairy cows. Dairying, using science to meet consumer needs. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci. 29:37-71.
- Tischner M. 1985. Embryo recovery from polish-pony mares and preliminary observaions on foal size after transfer of embryos to large mares. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 3:96-98.
- Velazquez MA, Spicer LJ and Wathes DC. 2008. The role of endocrine insulin-like growth factor-Ι (IGF-Ι) in female bovine reproduction. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 35:325-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.07.002
- Walton A and Hammond J. 1938. The maternal effects on growth and conformation in Shire HORSE-Shetland pony crosses. Proc. R. Soc. B. 125:311-335. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1938.0029
- Yelich JV, Wettemann RP, Dolezal HG, Lusby KS, Bishop DK and Spicer LJ. 1995. Effects of growth rate on carcass composition and lipid partitioning at puberty and growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor Ι, insulin, and metabolites before puberty in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2390- 2405.