Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationship between Urine Cadmium and Bone Mineral Density of Residents Around Abandoned Metal Mines

폐금속광산 지역주민의 요중 카드뮴 수준 및 골밀도와의 관련성

  • Jung, Kyung-Sick (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Kim, Nam-Soo (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Ahn, Seung-Chul (Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Lee, Byung-Kook (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
  • 정경식 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김남수 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소) ;
  • 안승철 (국립환경과학원 환경보건연구과) ;
  • 이병국 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소)
  • Received : 2012.06.04
  • Accepted : 2012.08.14
  • Published : 2012.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure on of bone mineral density (BMD) levels. Methods: A total of 171 residents around abandoned mines in Chungcheongnam-do were surveyed in 2008-2011. Urinary Cd and BMD were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and Dual-Energy X-ray absorptionmetry, respectively. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined by T-scores set by the WHO; Tscore ${\geq}$ -1.0, normal; -1.0 > T-score > -2.5, osteopenia; and T-score ${\leq}$ -2.5, osteoporosis. Logistic and multiple linear regressions were applied to estimate the association between U-Cd levels and BMD. Results: The U-Cd geometric mean of 171 Koreans was 2.79 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$. The U-Cd concentration was significantly higher among women (2.98 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$) than men (2.39 ${\mu}g/g{\cdot}cr$). With the multiple regression model, the BMD was influenced by U-Cd, BMI, and monthly income. With the logistic regression model, osteoporosis was associated with U-Cd levels (OR = 3.239, 95% CI = 1.770-5.927). Conclusions: We conclude that exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Keywords

References

  1. Chen X, Zhu G, Jin T, Akesson A, Bergdahl IA, Lei L, et al. Changes in bone mineral density 10 years after marked reduction of cadmium exposure in a Chinese population. Environ Res. 2009; 109(7): 874-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.06.003
  2. Amzal B, Julin B, Vahter M, Wolk A, Johanson G, Åkesson A. Population toxicokinetic modeling of cadmium for health risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(8): 1293-3101. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800317
  3. Staessen JA, Roels HA, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Persson B, et al. Environment exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. The Lancet. 1999; 353: 1140-1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09356-8
  4. Noonan CW, Sarasua SM, Campagna D, Kathman SJ, Lybarger JA, Mueller PW. Effects of exposure to low levels of environmental cadmium on renal biomarkers. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110(2): 151-55. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110151
  5. Jarup L, Akesson A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009; 238(3): 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020
  6. Vahter M, Gerglund M, Akesson A, Linden C. Metal and women's health. Environ Res Section A 88. 2002; 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4338
  7. Vahter M, Berglund M, Nermell B, Akesson A. Bioavailability of cadmium from shellfish and mixed diet in women. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996; 136(2): 332-341. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.0040
  8. Berglund M, Akesson A, Nermell B, Vahter M. Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ Health Perspect. 1994; 102(12): 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.941021058
  9. Järup L, Hellstrom L, Alfven T, Carlsson MD, Grubb A, Persson B, et al. Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage: the OSCAR study. Occup Environ Med. 2000; 57(10): 668-672. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.10.668
  10. Jarup L, Alfven T, Persson B, Toss G, Elinder CG. Cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. Occup Environ Med. 1998; 55(7): 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.7.435
  11. Sorahan T, Esmen NA. Lung cancer mortality in UK nickel-cadmium battery workers, 1947-2000. Occup Environ Med. 2004; 61(2): 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.009282
  12. Nawrot T, Plusquin M, Hogervorst J, Roels HA, Celis H, Thijs L, et al. Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of cancer: a prospective population- based study. Lancet Oncol. 2006; 7: 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70545-9
  13. Akesson A, Bjellerup P, Lundh T, et al. Cadmiuminduced effects on bone in a population-based study of women. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114(6): 830-834. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8763
  14. Gallagher CM, Kovach JS, Meliker JR. Urinary cadmium and osteoporosis in U.S. Women > or = 50 years of age: NHANES 1988-994 and 1999-004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(10): 1338-143. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11452
  15. Nawrot T, Geusens P, Nulens TS, Nemery B. Occupational cadmium exposure and calcium excretion, bone density, and osteoporosis in men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2010; 25(6): 1441- 1445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.22
  16. Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vahter M. Health effect of cadmium exposure-A review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1998; 24: 1-52. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.270
  17. Beacklund M, Pedersen NL, Björkman L, Vahter M. Variation in blood concentration of cadmium and lead in the elderly. Environ Res. 1999; 80(3): 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3895
  18. Vahter M, Åkesson A, Liden C, Ceccatelli S, Berglund M. Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals. Environ Res. 2007; 104(1): 85- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.003
  19. Rignell-Hydbom A, Skerfving S, Lundh T, Lindh CH, Elmstahl S, Bjellerup P, et al. 2009. Exposure to cadmium and persistent organochlorine pollutants and its association with bone mineral density and markers of bone metabolism on postmenopausal women. Environ Res. 2009; 109(8): 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.08.008
  20. Schutte R, Nawrot TS, Richart T, Thijs L, Vanderschueren D, Kuznetsova T, et al. Bone resorption and environmental exposure to cadmium in women: a population study. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116:(6) 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11167
  21. Wang H, Zhu G, Shi Y, Weng H, Jin T, Kong Q, et al. Influence of environmental cadmium exposure on forearm bone density. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2003; 18(3): 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.3.553
  22. Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Jakubowski M, Szymczak W, Janasik B, Brodzk B. The effects of low environmental cadmium exposure on bone density. Environ Res. 2010; 110(3): 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.003
  23. Sughis M, Penders J, Haufroid V, Nemeryand B, Nawrot TS. Bone resorption and environmental exposure to cadmium in children: a cross - sectional study. Environ Health. 2011; 10(104): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-1
  24. Jung GB, Kim WI, Park KL, Yun SG. Vertical distribution of heavy metals in paddy soil near abandoned metal mines. Kor J Environ Agric 2001; 20(4): 297-302.
  25. Chung JH, Kang PS, Kim CY, Lee KS, Hwang TY, Kim GT, et al. Blood Pb, Urine Cd and health assessment of residents in the vicinity of abandoned mines in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2005; 17(3): 225-237.
  26. Jung KS, Kim NS, Lee BK. Urinary creatinine concentration in the Korean population in KNHANES IV, 2009. J Environ Health Sci. 2012; 38(1): 31-41.
  27. Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle J. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(2): 192-200.
  28. Hill RH Jr, Ashley DL, Head SL, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. p-Dichlorobenzene exposure among 1,000 adults in the United States. Arch Environ Health. 1995; 50(4): 277-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9935954
  29. Shealy DB, Barr JR, Ashley DL, Patterson DG, Jr Camann DE, Bond AE. Correlation of environmental carbaryl measurements with serum and urinary 1-naphthol measurements in a farmer applicator and his family. Environ Health Perspect. 1997; 105(5): 510-513. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105510
  30. Human Biomonitoring (HBM) values. Available http://www.umweltdaten.de/gesundheit-e/monitor/tabhbm- values.pdf [accessed 29 March 2012].
  31. The Ministry of Environment. Republic of Korea. Master plan of soil management around the abandoned metal mines. The Ministry of Environment. Republic of Korea. Seoul; 2004.
  32. Kim HJ, Kim BG, Kim DS, Seo JW, Yu BC, Kim YW, et al. Blood and urinary cadmium concentration of residents around abandoned metal mines in busan and Gyeongsangnam-do. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 22(1): 1-10.
  33. Besser JM, Brumbaugh WG, May TW, Schmitt CJ. Biomonitoring of lead, zinc, and cadmium in streams draining lead-mining and non-mining areas, southeast missouri, USA. Environ Monit Assess. 2007; 129: 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9356-9
  34. WHO (World Health Organization). Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. WHO Technical Reports Series 834. World Health Organization. Geneva. 1994; 1-129.
  35. Kim EK. A study on the correlation between nutrients intake, physical activity and bone mineral density in middle aged woman. The Korea Journal of Sports Science. 2003; 12(1): 503-509.
  36. Kwon SM, Lee BK, Kim HS. Relation between nutritional factors and bone status by broadband ultrasound attenuation among college students. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2009; 38(11): 1551- 1558. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.11.1551
  37. Jea EJ, Byoun KE, Youn JE, Lee BK, Kim HS. Effects of body composition and nutrients intake on the calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in college students. Korean J Community Nutrition. 2009; 14(5): 590-599.
  38. Parfitt AM, Gallaher JC, Heaney RP, Johnston CC, Neer R, Whedon CD. Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982; 36: 1014-1031. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/36.5.1014
  39. Sower MFR. Epidemiology of calcium and vitamin D in bone loss. J Nutr. 1993; 123: 413-417. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.suppl_2.413
  40. Terc SG, Almeida AA, Godinho AF. Cadmium and exposure to stress increase aggressive behavior. Environ Toxicol Pharm. 2011; 32(1): 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.005
  41. Akesson A, Lundh T, Vahter M, Bjellerup P, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, et al. Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(11): 1338-1343.
  42. Engstrom A, Michaelsson K, Suwazono Y, Wolk A, Vahter M, Akesson A. Long-term Cadmium exposure and the association with bone mineral density and fractures in a population-based study among women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2011; 26(3): 486-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.224
  43. Shin M, Peak D, Yoon C, The relationship between the bone mineral density and urinary cadmium concentration of residents in an industrial complex. Environ Res. 2011; 111(1): 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.010
  44. Becker K, Schulz C, Kaus S, Seiwert M, Seifert B. German environmental survey 1998 (GerES III): environmental pollutants in the urine of the German population. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2003; 206(1): 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00188
  45. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Forth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemical. CDC. Atlanta. 2009.
  46. Alfven T, Elinder CG, Carlsson MD, et al. Lowlevel cadmium exposure and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000; 15(8): 1579-1586. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.8.1579

Cited by

  1. The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study vol.29, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0202-z