Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts

Korean Association of Child Studies (한국아동학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Affective Decision-Making among Preschool Children in Diverse Cultural Contexts

  • Received : 2012.02.27
  • Accepted : 2012.04.18
  • Published : 2012.08.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The current study examined 3- and 4-year-olds' affective decision-making in a variety of cultural contexts by comparing European Canadian children to Chinese Canadian, Hong Kong Chinese, and mainland Chinese children (N = 245). All children were tested with a delay of gratification task in which children chose between an immediate reward of lower value and a delayed reward of higher value. Results showed that Chinese Canadian and Hong Kong Chinese children chose more delayed rewards than European Canadian children, with mainland Chinese children showing a trend toward more delayed rewards. Across cultures, 4-year-olds chose more delayed rewards than 3-year-olds; and among 4-year-olds, girls made more such choices than boys. The findings are consistent with previous findings that exposure to Chinese culture is associated with better cool executive function, but they also highlight the importance of examining development across diverse cultural contexts.

Keywords

References

  1. Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. Developmental Science, 7, 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x
  2. Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78, 647-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x
  3. Carlson, S. M., Davis, A. C., & Leach, J. G. (2005). Less is more: Executive function and symbolic representation in preschool children. Psychological Science, 16, 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01583.x
  4. Chang, F. M., Kidd, J. R., Kivak, K. J., Pakstis, A. J., & Kidd, K. K. (1996). The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus. Human Genetics, 98, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004390050166
  5. Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, J. L. (1998). Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A crosscultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677-686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.677
  6. Clark, A. S., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Gonadal hormones influence hte emergence of cortical function in nonhuman primates. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 1287-1295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.103.6.1287
  7. Doan, S. N., & Wang, Q. (2010). Maternal discussions of mental states and behaviors: Relations to emotion situation knowledge in European American and immigrant Chinese children. Child Development, 81, 1490-1503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01487.x
  8. Faraone, S. V., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E., & Biederman, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of the assoication between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1052-1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1052
  9. Gallimore, R., Weiss, L. B., & Finney, R. (1974). Cultural differences in delay of gratification: A problem of behavior classification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 72- 80. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036606
  10. Garon, N., & Moore, C. (2007). Developmental and gender differences in future-oriented decision-making during the preschool period. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 46-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040600762701
  11. Godoy, R., & Jacobson, M. (1999). Covariates of private time preference: A pilot study among the Tsimane' Indians of the Bolivian rain forest. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00009-4
  12. Goetz, P. J. (2003). The effects of bilingualism on theory of mind development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728903001007
  13. Happaney, K., & Zelazo, P. D. (2004). Resistance to extinction: A measure of orbitofrontal function suitable for children? Brain and Cognition, 55, 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00270-7
  14. Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Cognitive socialization in Confucian heritage cultures. In P. M. Greenfield & R. R. Cocking (Eds.), Crosscultural roots of minority development (pp.285-313). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  15. Hong, Y., & Chiu, C. (2001). Toward a paradigm shift: From cross-cultural differences in social cognition to socialcognitive mediation of cultural differences. Social Cognition, 19, 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.3.181.21471
  16. Hong, Y., Morris, M., Chiu, C., & Benet- Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.709
  17. Hongwanishkul, D., Happaney, K., Lee, W. S. C., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 617-644. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2802_4
  18. Kemmelmeier, M., & Cheng, B. Y. M. (2004). Language and self-construal priming: A replication and extension in a Hong Kong sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 705-712.
  19. Kerr, A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2004). Development of "hot" executive function: The children's gambling task. Brain and Cognition, 55, 148- 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00275-6
  20. Kharkhurin, A. V. (2010). Sociocultural differences in the relationship between bilingualism and creative potential. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 776-783.
  21. Lee, H., & Kim, K. H. (2011). Can speaking more languages enhance your creativity? Relationship between bilingualism and creative potential among Korean American students with multicultural link. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1186-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.039
  22. Leung, A. K.-Y., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2010). Multicultural experience, idea receptiveness, and creativity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 723-741. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110361707
  23. Leung, A. K.-Y., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C.-y. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63, 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169
  24. Lewis, C., Huang, Z., & Rooksby, M. (2006). Chinese preschoolers' false belief understanding: Is social knowledge underpinned by parental styles, social interactions or executive functions? Psychologia, 49, 252-266. https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2006.252
  25. Liu, D., Wellman, H. M., Tardif, T., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2008). Theory of mind development in Chinese children: A meta-analysis of falsebelief understanding across cultures. Developmental Psychology, 44, 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.523
  26. Maddux, W. W., Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). When in Rome, learn why the Romans do what they do: How multicultual learning experiences enhance creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 731-741. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210367786
  27. Mischel, W., & Metzner, R. (1962). Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045046
  28. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2658056
  29. Moffit, T. E., Arsenault, L, Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., et al. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
  30. Morton, J. B., & Harper, S. N. (2007). What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science, 10, 719-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00623.x
  31. Oh, S., & Lewis, C. (2008). Korean preschoolers' advanced inhibitory control and its relation to other executive skills and mental state understanding. Child Development, 79, 80-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01112.x
  32. Overman, W. H., Bachevalier, J., Schuhmann, E., & Ryan, P. (1996). Cognitive gender differences in very young children parallel biologically based cognitive gender differences in monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 673-684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.110.4.673
  33. Prencipe, A., Kesek, A., Cohen, J., Lamm, C., Lewis, M. D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2011). Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.09.008
  34. Sabbagh, M. A., Xu, F., Carlson, S. M., Moses, L., & Lee, K. (2006). The development of executive functioning and theory of mind: A comparison of Chinese and U.S. preschoolers. Psychological Science, 17, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01667.x
  35. Silverman, I. W. (2003). Gender differences in delay of gratification: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 49, 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025872421115
  36. Thompson, C., Barresi, J., & Moore, C. (1997). The development of future-oriented prodence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 12, 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(97)90013-7
  37. Tobin, J. J., Wu, D. Y. H., & Davidson, D. H. (1989). Preschool in three cultures: Japan, China and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  38. Wang, Q., Hutt, R., Kulkofsky, S., McDermott, M., & Wei, R. (2006). Emotion situation knowledge and autobiographical memory in Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and European American 3-year-olds. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7, 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0701_5
  39. Wang, Q., Shao, Y., & Li, Y. J. (2010). "My way or Mom's way?" The bilingual and bicultural self in Hong Kong Chinese children and adolescents. Child Development, 81, 555- 567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01415.x
  40. Wu, D. Y. H. (1996). Chinese childhood socialization. In M. H. Bond, (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.143-151). New York: Oxford University Press
  41. Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2002). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp.445-469). Oxford: Blackwell.
  42. Zelazo, P. D., Qu, L., & Kesek, A. C. (2009). Hot executive function: Emotion and the development of cognitive control. In S. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  43. Zelazo, P. D., Qu, L., & Müller, U. (2005). Hot and cool aspects of executive function: Relations in early development. In W. Schneider, R. Schumann-Hengsteler, & B. Sodian (Eds.), Young children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind (pp.71-93). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  44. Zelazo, P., Müller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function: Cognitive complexity and controlrevised. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68, 93-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2003.06803007.x

Cited by

  1. Development of Theory of Mind in Preschoolers Who Grow up in Two Conflicting and Unbalanced Cultures vol.3, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5723/csdc.2013.3.2.123
  2. Bilingual advantage in executive control when task demands are considered vol.19, pp.02, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000376
  3. Want More? Learn Less: Motivation Affects Adolescents Learning from Negative Feedback vol.08, pp.1664-1078, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00076
  4. Parental Supervision, Executive Functions, and Emotional-Behavioral Problems in Chinese Immigrant and Italian Nonimmigrant Early Adolescents in Italy pp.1552-5449, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618812157