Preventive Nutrition and Food Science

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Dietary Intake Ratios of Calcium-to-Phosphorus and Sodium-to-Potassium Are Associated with Serum Lipid Levels in Healthy Korean Adults

  • Bu, So-Young (Division of Food Science, Kyungil University) ;
  • Kang, Myung-Hwa (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Jin (Division of Food Science, Kongju National University) ;
  • Choi, Mi-Kyeong (Division of Food Science, Kongju National University)
  • Received : 2012.02.17
  • Accepted : 2012.04.23
  • Published : 2012.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify food sources for major minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of these minerals and serum lipids in healthy Korean adults. A total of 132 healthy men and women completed a physical examination and dietary record and provided blood samples for lipid profile analysis. Results showed the following daily average mineral intakes: 373.4 mg of calcium, 806.0 mg of phosphorous, 3685.8 mg of sodium, and 1938.3 mg of potassium. The calcium-to-phosphorus and sodium-to-potassium ratio was about 0.5 and 2.0, respectively. The primary sources for each mineral were: vegetables (24.9%) and fishes (19.0%) for calcium, grains (31.4%) for phosphorus, seasonings (41.6%) and vegetables (27.0%) for sodium, and vegetables (30.6%) and grains (18.5%) for potassium. The correlation analysis, which has been adjusted for age, gender, total food consumption, and energy intake, showed significantly positive correlations between Ca/P and serum HDL cholesterol levels, between Na intake and the level of serum total cholesterol, and between Na/K and the level of serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Our data indicates that the level of mineral consumption partially contributes to serum lipid profiles and that a diet consisting of a low Ca/P ratio and a high Na/K ratio may have negative impacts on lipid metabolism.

Keywords

References

  1. Parikh P, McDaniel MC, Ashen MD, Miller JI, Sorrentino M, Chan V, Blumenthal RS, Sperling LS. 2005. Diets and cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1379-1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.068
  2. Vaskonen T. 2003. Dietary minerals and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr Biochem 14: 492-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00074-3
  3. Surtees PG, Wainwright NW, Luben R, Day NE, Khaw KT. 2005. Prospective cohort study of hostility and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. Int J Cardiol 100: 155-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.014
  4. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. 2011. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes and risk of stroke in women. Am J Epidemiol 174: 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr051
  5. Lee JS, Park J, Kim J. 2011. Dietary factors related to hypertension risk in Korean adults-data from the Korean national health and nutrition examination survey III. Nutr Res Pract 5: 60-65. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2011.5.1.60
  6. McCarron DA. 1997. Role of adequate dietary calcium intake in the prevention and management of salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 712S-716S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.2.712S
  7. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. 1999. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 12: 84-92.
  8. Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. 2011. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. Am J Clin Nutr 94: 1479-1484. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.022426
  9. Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. 2000. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J 14: 1132-1138. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.14.9.1132
  10. de Wit NJ, Bosch-Vermeulen H, de Groot PJ, Hooiveld GJ, Bromhaar MM, Jansen J, Muller M, van der Meer R. 2008. The role of the small intestine in the development of dietary fat-induced obesity and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. BMC Med Genomics 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8794-1-14
  11. Centeno V, de Barboza GD, Marchionatti A, Rodriguez V, de Talamoni NT. 2009. Molecular mechanisms triggered by low-calcium diets. Nutr Res Rev 22: 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422409990126
  12. Vaskonen T, Mervaala E, Sumuvuori V, Seppanen-Laakso T, Karppanen H. 2002. Effects of calcium and plant sterols on serum lipids in obese Zucker rats on a low-fat diet. Br J Nutr 87: 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2001508
  13. Cirillo M, Lombardi C, Laurenzi M, De Santo NG. 2002. Relation of urinary urea to blood pressure: interaction with urinary sodium. J Hum Hypertens 16: 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001323
  14. Campbell N, Correa-Rotter R, Neal B, Cappuccio FP. 2011. New evidence relating to the health impact of reducing salt intake. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 21: 617-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.08.001
  15. Susic D, Frohlich ED. 2012. Salt consumption and cardiovascular, renal, and hypertensive diseases: clinical and mechanistic aspects. Curr Opin Lipidol 23: 11-16.
  16. Thorvaldsen P, Asplund K, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, Schroll M. 1995. Stroke incidence, case fatality, and mortality in the WHO MONICA project. World Health Organization Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease. Stroke 26: 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.3.361
  17. Rodriguez CJ, Bibbins-Domingo K, Jin Z, Daviglus ML, Goff DC Jr, Jacobs DR Jr. 2011. Association of sodium and potassium intake with left ventricular mass: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 58: 410-416. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168054
  18. Liebson PR, Grandits GA, Dianzumba S, Prineas RJ, Grimm RH Jr, Neaton JD, Stamler J. 1995. Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 91: 698-706. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.91.3.698
  19. Luft FC, Weinberger MH. 1997. Heterogeneous responses to changes in dietary salt intake: the salt-sensitivity paradigm. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 612S-617S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.2.612S
  20. Catanozi S, Rocha JC, Nakandakare ER, Passarelli M, Mesquita CH, Silva AA, Dolnikoff MS, Harada LM, Quintao EC, Heimann JC. 2001. The rise of the plasma lipid concentration elicited by dietary sodium chloride restriction in Wistar rats is due to an impairment of the plasma triacylglycerol removal rate. Atherosclerosis 158: 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00415-4
  21. Catanozi S, Rocha JC, Passarelli M, Guzzo ML, Alves C, Furukawa LN, Nunes VS, Nakandakare ER, Heimann JC, Quintao EC. 2003. Dietary sodium chloride restriction enhances aortic wall lipid storage and raises plasma lipid concentration in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Lipid Res 44: 727-732. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M200330-JLR200
  22. Joint national committee on prevention deatohbp. 1997. The sixth report of Joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC VI). Arch Intern Med 157: 2413-2446. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1997.00440420033005
  23. Sax L. 2001. The institute of medicine's "dietary reference intake" for phosphorus: a critical perspective. J Am Coll Nutr 20: 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719047
  24. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. 2011. Dietary potassium intake and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Stroke 42: 2746-2750. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.622142
  25. Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA. 2009. Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Blood Purif 27: 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1159/000209740
  26. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. National Health Statistics. Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
  27. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502.
  28. The Korean Nutrition Society. 2010. Dietary reference intake for Koreans.
  29. Ito S, Ishida H, Uenishi K, Murakami K, Sasaki S. 2011. The relationship between habitual dietary phosphorus and calcium intake, and bone mineral density in young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 20: 411-417.
  30. Yamamoto S, Ishida H. 2009. Phosphorus-rich foods and bone. Clin Calcium 19: 1829-1836.
  31. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, Bazzano LA, Loria C, Whelton PK. 1999. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 282: 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.21.2027
  32. McAdams DM, Coresh J, Woodward M, Butler KR, Kao WH, Mosley TH Jr, Hindin M, Anderson CA. 2011. Hypertension status, treatment, and control among spousal pairs in a middle-aged adult cohort. Am J Epidemiol 174: 790-796. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr167
  33. World Health Organization. 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of the chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation.
  34. Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B, Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Reid HE, Kyle C, Gamble GD, Grey A, Horne A. 2010. Effects of calcium supplementation on lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in healthy older men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 91: 131-139. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28097
  35. Choi MK, Lee WY, Park JD. 2005. Relation among mineral (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Zn) intakes, blood pressure, and blood lipids in Korean adults. Korean J Nutr 38: 827-835.
  36. Wang L, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM, Sesso HD. 2008. Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension 51: 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107821
  37. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. 1987. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med 316: 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198701293160502
  38. Weder AB, Egan BM. 1991. Potential deleterious impact of dietary salt restriction on cardiovascular risk factors. Klin Wochenschr 69(Suppl 25): 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01649057
  39. Jones BH, Kim JH, Zemel MB, Woychik RP, Michaud EJ, Wilkison WO, Moustaid N. 1996. Upregulation of adipocyte metabolism by agouti protein: possible paracrine actions in yellow mouse obesity. Am J Physiol 270: E192-E196. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.270.1.C192
  40. Xue BZ, Wilkison WO, Mynatt RL, Moustaid N, Goldman M, Zemel MB. 1999. The agouti gene product stimulates pancreatic [beta]-cell $Ca^{2+}$ signaling and insulin release. Physiol Genomics 1: 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.1999.1.1.11
  41. Ginty F, Flynn A, Cashman KD. 1998. The effect of dietary sodium intake on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in young women. Br J Nutr 79: 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980058
  42. Johnston SL, Williams SB, Southern LL, Bidner TD, Bunting LD, Matthews JO, Olcott BM. 2004. Effect of phytase addition and dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on plasma metabolites and ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility in pigs. J Anim Sci 82: 705-714. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.823705x
  43. Schmid AI, Szendroedi J, Chmelik M, Krssak M, Moser E, Roden M. 2011. Liver ATP synthesis is lower and relates to insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34: 448-453. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1076
  44. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER III, Lin PH, Karanja NM, Most-Windhauser MM, Moore TJ, Swain JF, Bales CW, Proschan MA. 2001. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 74: 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.1.80
  45. Ekinci EI, Cheong KY, Dobson M, Premaratne E, Finch S, Macisaac RJ, Jerums G. 2010. High sodium and low potassium intake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 27: 1401-1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03111.x

Cited by

  1. A Pilot Study to Validate a Standardized One-Week Salt Estimation Method Evaluating Salt Intake and Its Sources for Family Members in China vol.7, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7020751
  2. Proximate composition, mineral content and fatty acid profile of two marine fishes from Cameroonian coast: Pseudotolithus typus (Bleeker, 1863) and Pseudotolithus elongatus (Bowdich, 1825) vol.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2016.07.002
  3. Urinary and dietary sodium to potassium ratio as a useful marker for estimating blood pressure among older women in Indonesian urban coastal areas vol.10, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3233/MNM-17138
  4. Comparison of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and iron concentrations of elements in 24-h urine and spot urine in hypertensive patients with healthy renal function vol.44, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.06.006
  5. Association of dietary sodium:potassium ratio with the metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults vol.120, pp.06, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001496
  6. Association between Dietary Cholesterol and Their Food Sources and Risk for Hypercholesterolemia: The 2012–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey vol.11, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040846
  7. Dietary sodium:potassium ratio and CVD risk factors among Japanese adults: a retrospective cross-sectional study of pooled data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2003-2017 vol.125, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711452000269x
  8. Temporal Relationship Between Changes in Serum Calcium and Hypercholesteremia and Its Impact on Future Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Levels vol.8, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.754358
  9. Influence of Habitual Dairy Food Intake on LDL Cholesterol in a Population-Based Cohort vol.13, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020593