References
- Barsh, G. S. 2006. Regulation of pigment type switching by agouti, melanocortin signaling, attractin and mahoganoid. In: The Pigmentary System, 2nd edn (Ed. J. J. Nordlund, R. E. Boissy, V. J. Hearing, R. A. King, W. S. Oetting and J. P. Ortonne) (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing), 395-409.
- Becerril, C. M., C. J. Wilcox, T. J. Lawlor, G. R. Wiggans and D. W. Webb. 1993. Effects of percentage of white coat color on Holstein production and reproduction in a subtropical environment. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2286-2291. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77565-7
- Bhavanandan, V. P. 1981. Glycosaminoglycans of cultured human fetal uveal melanocytes and comparison with those produced by cultured human melanoma cells. Biochemistry 20:5595-5602. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00522a037
- Burchill, S. A., A. J. Thody and S. Ito. 1986. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, tyrosinase activity and the regulation of eumelanogenesis and phaeomelanogenesis in the hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse. J. Endocrinol. 109:15-21. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1090015
- Bucek, J. and M. Vrba. 1976. Ultrastructure of human uveal melanomas cultivated in vitro. Neoplasma 23:109-118.
- Chhajlani, V. and J. E. S. Wikberg. 1992. Molecular cloning and expression of the human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett. 309:417-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(92)80820-7
- Chomczynski, P. and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 161:156-159.
- Del, Marmol, V., F. Solano, A. Sels, G. Huez, A. Libert, F. Lejeune and G. Ghanem. 1993. Glutathione depletion increases tyrosinase activity in humane melanoma cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101:871-874. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371709
- D'Orazio, J. A., T. Nobuhisa, R. Cui, M. Arya, M. Spry, K. Wakamatsu, V. Igras, T. Kunisada, S. R. Granter and E. K. Nishimura. 2006. Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of Mc1r in UV-induced tanning. Nature 443:340-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05098
- Endler, J. A. 1991. Variation in the appearance of guppy color patterns to guppies and their predators under different visual conditions. Vision Res. 31:587-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(91)90109-I
- Flesch, P. and S. Rothman. 1948. Role of sulfhydryl compounds in pigmentation. Science 108:505-506. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.108.2810.505
- Hearing, V. J. and K. Tsukamoto. 1991. Enzymatic control of pigmentation in mammals. FASEB J. 5:2902-2909.
- Hoekstra, H. E. 2006. Genetics, development and evolution of adaptive pigmentation in vertebrates. Heredity 97:222-234. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800861
- Hu, F., D. J. Teramura and K. Mah. 1987. Normal uveal melanocytes in culture. Pigment Cell Res. 1:94-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1987.tb00396.x
- Hu, D. N., S. A. Mc. Cormick, S. J. Orlow, S. Rosemblat, A. Y. Lin and K. Wo. 1995. Melanogenesis by human uveal melanocytes in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36:931-938.
- Hunt, G., S. Kyne, S. Ito, K. Wakamatsu and C. Thody. 1995. Eumelanin and pheomelanin contents of humane epidermis and cultured melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 8:202-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1995.tb00664.x
-
Hunt, G., S. Kyne and K. Wakamatsu. 1995.
$Nle^{4}Phe^{7}$ $\alpha$ -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone increases the eumelanin: pheomelanin ratio in cultured human melanocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:83-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12613565 - Ian, Freshney R. 1994. Culture of animal cells: a manual of basic technique. Third Edition. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, USA.
- Ito, S. and K. Fujita. 1985. Microanalysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in hair and melanomas by chemical degradation and liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 144:527-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90150-2
- Ito, S., K. Wakamatsu and H. Ozeki. 2000. Chemical analysis of melanins and its application to the study of the regulation of melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 13:103-109. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.19.x
- Ito, S. 2003. The IFPCS presidental lecture: a chemist's view of melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 16:230-236. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00037.x
- Jackson, I. J. 1993. Colour-coded switches. Nature 362:587-588. https://doi.org/10.1038/362587a0
- Jackson, I. J. 1994. Molecular and developmental genetics of mouse coat color. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:189-217. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.28.120194.001201
- Jackson, I. J. 1997. Homologous pigmentation mutations in human, mouse and other model organisms. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:1613-1624. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/6.10.1613
- Jara, J. R., P. Aroca, F. Solano, J. H. Martinez and J. A. Lozano. 1988. The role of sulfhydryl compounds and the intermediates of the pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 967:296-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(88)90023-2
- Jerjil, B., C. Lindbladh, H. Rorsman and E. Rosengren. 1984. Inactivation of humane tyrosinase by cysteine, protection by dopa and tyrosine. Acta. Derm. Veuereol. 64:155-182.
- Klungland, H. and D. I. Vage. 2000. Molecular genetics of pigmentation in domestic animals. Curr. Genomics 1:223. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389202003351364
- Lin, J. Y. and D. E. Fisher. 2007. Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature 445:843-850. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05660
- Mohanty, T. R., K. S. Seo, K. M. Park, T. J. Choi, H. S. Choe, D. H. Baik and I. H. Hwang. 2008. Molecular variation in pigmentation genes contributing to coat colour in native Korean Hanwoo cattle. International Society for Animal Genetics. Anim. Genet. 39:550-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01746.x
- Mountjoy, K. G., L. S. Robbins, M. T. Mortrud and R. D. Cone. 1992. The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science 257:1248-1251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1325670
- Mundy, N. I. 2005. A window on the genetics of evolution: MC1R and plumage colouration in birds. Proc. Biol. Sci. 272:1633-1640. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3107
- Nordlund, J. J., R. E. Boissy and V. J. Hearing et al. 2006. The pigmentary system. 2nd edn. Black well Publishers.
- Protas, M. E. and N. H. Patel. 2008. Evolution of coloration patterns. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 24:425-446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175302
- Robbins, L. S., J. H. Nadeau, K. R. Johnson, M. A. Kelly, L. Roselli-Rehfuss, E. Baack and K. G Mountjoy, et al. 1993. Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function. Cell 72:827-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90572-8
- Romero-Graillet, C., E. Aberdam, N. Biagoli, W. Massabni, J. P. Ortonne and R. Ballotti. 1996. Ultraviolet B radiation acts through the nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction pathway to stimulate melanogenesis in human melanocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 271:28052-28056. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.45.28052
- Roulin, A. 2004. The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds. Biological Reviews 79:815-848. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793104006487
- Safran, R. J. and K. J. McGraw. 2004. Plumage coloration, not length or symmetry of tail-streamers, is a sexually selected trait in North American barn swallows. Behav. Ecol. 15:455-461. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh035
- SAS Applied Statistics and the SAS Programming Language. 1997. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
- Sasaki, M., T. Horikoshi, H. Uchiwa and Y. Miyachi. 2000. Up-regulation of tyrosinase gene by nitric oxide in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 13:248-252. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130406.x
- Seo, K. S., T. R. Mohanty, T. Choi and I. H. Hwang. 2007. Biology of epidermal and hair pigmentation in cattle: a mini-review. Vet. Dermatol. 18:392-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00634.x
- Sieji, M., T. Yoshida, H. Itakura and I. Tishikatsu. 1969. Inhibition of melanin formation by sulphydryl compounds. J. Invest. Dermatol. 52:280-286.
- Silvers, W. K. 1979. The coat colors of mice: a model for mammalian gene action and interaction, Springer-Verlag.
- Thody, A. J. and A. Graham. 1998. Does alpha-MSH have a role in regulating skin pigmentation in humans? Pigment Cell Res. 11:265-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00735.x
- Waldrep, J. C. and H. J. Kaplan. 1986. Human choroidal melanocytes in tissue culture. Curr. Eye Res. 5:587-594. https://doi.org/10.3109/02713688609015123
- Wick, M. M., L. Byers and E. Frei. 1997. L-dopa: selective toxicity for melanoma cells in vitro. Science 197(4302):468-469.
- Wickelgren, I. 2007a. Skin biology. A healthy tan? Science 315:1214-1216. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5816.1214
- Wickelgren, I. 2007b. Skin biology. Why I have red hair, need to avoid the sun, and shouldn't commit a crime. Science 315:1215. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5816.1215