Atmosphere (대기)

Korean Meteorological Society (한국기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Numerical Study on Clear-Air Turbulence Events Occurred over South Korea

한국에서 발생한 청천난류 사례들에 대한 수치연구

  • Received : 2012.04.24
  • Accepted : 2012.06.21
  • Published : 2012.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Generation mechanisms of the three moderate-or-greater (MOG)-level clear-air turbulence (CAT) encounters over South Korea are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The cases are selected among the MOG-level CAT events occurred in Korea during 2002-2008 that are categorized into three different generation mechanisms (upper-level front and jet stream, anticyclonic flow, and mountain waves) in the previous study by Min et al. For the case at 0127 UTC 18 Jun 2003, strong vertical wind shear (0.025 $s^{-1}$) generates shearing instabilities below the enhanced upper-level jet core of the maximum wind speed exceeding 50 m $s^{-1}$, and it induces turbulence near the observed CAT event over mid Korea. For the case at 2330 UTC 22 Nov 2006, areas of the inertia instability represented by the negative absolute vorticity are formed in the anticyclonically sheared side of the jet stream, and turbulence is activated near the observed CAT event over southwest of Korea. For the case at 0450 UTC 16 Feb 2003, vertically propagating mountain waves locally trigger shearing instability (Ri < 0.25) near the area where the background Richardson number is sufficiently small (0.25 < Ri < 1), and it induces turbulence near the observed CAT over the Eastern mountainous region of South Korea.

Keywords

References

  1. 김정훈, 전혜영, 장욱, R. Sharman, 2009: 한국의 청천난류 예보 시스템에 대한 연구. Part II: Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG) 시스템. 대기, 19(3), 269-287.
  2. 김정훈, 전혜영, 2011: 통합지역모델을 이용한 한국형 중상층 항공난류예측시스템 개발. 대기, 21(4), 497-506.
  3. 민재식, 전혜영, 김정훈, 2011: 한국에서 발생한 청천난류 사례에서 나타나는 종관규모 대기상태에 대한 연구. 대기, 21(1), 69-83.
  4. 장욱, 전혜영, 김정훈, 2009: 한국의 청천난류 예보 시스템에 대한 연구. Part I: 한국형 통합 난류 예측 알고리즘. 대기, 19(3), 255-268.
  5. 전혜영, 정준희, 오재호, 김정우, 1996: 대기 대순환에 미치는 중력파 항력의 효과, 한국기상학회지, 32(4), 581-592.
  6. Clark, T. L., W. D. Hall, R. M. Kerr, D. Middleton, L. Radke, F. M. Ralph, P. J. Nieman, and D. Levinson, 2000: Origins of aircraft-damaging clear-air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm.: Numerical simulations and comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1105-1131. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1105:OOADCA>2.0.CO;2
  7. Derber, J. C., D. F. Parrish, and S. J. Lord, 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the National Meteorological Center. Wea Forecasting, 6, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:TNGOAS>2.0.CO;2
  8. Doyle, J. D., M. A. Shapiro, Q. Jiang, and D. L. Bartels, 2005: Large-amplitude mountain wave breaking over Greenland. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3106-3126. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3528.1
  9. Dutton, J., and H. A. Panofsky, 1970: Clear-air turbulence: A mystery may be unfolding. Science, 167, 937-944. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3920.937
  10. Ellrod, G. P., and D. L. Knapp, 1992: An objective clear-air turbulence forecasting technique: Verification and operational use. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0150:AOCATF>2.0.CO;2
  11. Ellrod, G. P., P. F. Lester, and L. J. Ehernberger, 2003: Clear air turbulence. In Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 1, edited by J. R. Holton et al., Academic Press, 393-403.
  12. Hong, S. Y., and J. O. Lim, 2006: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129-151.
  13. Janjic, Z. I., 2002: Nonsingular implementation of the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 scheme in the NCEP meso model. NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) Office Note, No. 437, 61 pp.
  14. Kain, J . S., 2004: The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2
  15. Kaplan, M. L., A. W. Huffman, K. M. Lux, J. D. Cetola, J. J. Charney, A. J. Riordan, Y. L. Lin, and K. T. Waight III, 2005: Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part II: Hydrostatic mesoscale numerical simulations of supergradient wind flow and streamwise ageostrophic frontogenesis. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 88, 129-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-004-0080-0
  16. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2010: A numerical study of clear air turbulence (CAT) encounters over South Korea on 2 April 2007. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 2381-2403. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2449.1
  17. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2011: Statistics and possible sources of aviation turbulence over South Korea. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 311-324. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2492.1
  18. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, R. D. Sharman, and T. L. Keller, 2011: Evaluations of upper-level turbulence diagnostics performance using the Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG) and pilot reports (PIREPs) over East Asia. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 1936-1951. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-10-05017.1
  19. Kim, J.-H., and H.-Y. Chun, 2012: A numerical simulation of convectively induced turbulence (CIT) above deep convection. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 1180-1200. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0140.1
  20. Kim, S.-Y., H.-Y. Chun, and D. L. Wu, 2009: A study on stratospheric gravity waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar: Numerical simulations and satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22104, doi:10.1029/2009JD011971.
  21. Knox, J. A., 1997: Possible mechanism of clear-air turbulence in strongly anticyclonic flow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3808-3824.
  22. Knox, J. A., D. W. McCann, and P. D. Williams, 2008: Application of the Lighthill-Ford theory of spontaneous imbalance to clear-air turbulence forecasting. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3292- 3304. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2477.1
  23. Lane, T. P., J. D. Doyle, R. Plougonven, M. A. Shapiro, and R. D. Sharman, 2004: Observations and numerical simulations of inertia-gravity waves and shearing instabilities in the vicinity of a jet stream. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2692-2706. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3305.1
  24. Lane, T. P., J. D. Doyle, R. D. Sharman, M. A. Shapiro, and C. D. Watson, 2009: Statistics and dynamics of aircraft encounters of turbulence over Greenland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2687-2702. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2878.1
  25. National Transportation Safety Board, 2009: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar 2005. Annual review of aircraft accident data. NTSB/ARC-09/01, Washington, D. C., 66 pp.
  26. Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X.-Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-4751STR, 88 pp.