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25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status Based on Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

만성 콩팥병 환자에서 추정 사구체 여과율에 따른 25-Hydroxyvitamin D의 특성

  • Koh, Jung Hee (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kwak, Ihm Soo (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Song, Sang Heon (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Soo Bong (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Rhee, Harin (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Seong, Eun Young (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Chang Jun (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Tae Kyun (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Oh, Sang Bo (Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine)
  • 고정희 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 곽임수 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 송상헌 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 이수봉 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 이하린 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 성은영 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 박창준 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 김태균 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실) ;
  • 오상보 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 내과학교실)
  • Published : 2012.12.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: Accumulating data suggest that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, comprehensive data are lacking for Koreans. The aim of this study was to survey vitamin D deficiency among patients with CKD in Korea and to identify the relationships among various factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 444 patients who were divided into four subgroups by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for comparisons of mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and other parameters. In addition, non-dialyzed patients were categorized into four groups based on 25(OH)D levels (<10, 10-19, 20-29, and ${\geq}$ 30 ng/mL), and risk factors for severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) were investigated. Results: Of patients with an eGFR ${\geq}$ 60 mL/min/$1.73\;m^2$, 43% (34/79) showed severe 25(OH)D deficiency, and the mean 25(OH)D level was 11.7 ${\pm}$ 5.3 ng/mL. In CKD3 group, 53.2% (41/77) showed severe 25(OH)D deficiency, with a mean level of 11.3 ${\pm}$ 7.2 ng/mL. In CKD4 group, 53.3% (49/92) had severe 25(OH)D deficiency, with a mean level of 11.0 ${\pm}$ 6.2 ng/mL. Approximately 71% (139/196) of patients in CKD5 group showed severe deficiency, and the mean level was 9.2 ${\pm}$ 5.9 ng/mL. Severe 25(OH)D deficiency was affected by winter season, renal function, diabetes, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The serum parathyroid hormone level was inversely correlated with the 25(OH)D level, such that 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL were associated with a steep increase in parathyroid hormone. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the Korean population. Few patients met a sufficient 25(OH)D concentration, even in the early stages of CKD. Our data suggest that 25(OH)D level of 20 ng/mL is a threshold for a rapid increase in parathyroid hormone levels.

목적: 만성 콩팥병 환자에서 비타민 D 결핍이 광범위한 것으로 알려져 있으나, 국내 만성 콩팥병 환자를 대상으로 하는 자료는 아직 부족하다. 이번 연구에서는 만성 콩팥병 환자에서 추정 사구체 여과율에 따른 비타민 D 결핍 상태를 파악하고, 여러 가지 인자들과 비타민 D와의 상관관계를 밝히고자 한다. 방법: 후향적 코호트 연구로, 25(OH)D을 측정한 444명의 만성 콩팥병 환자를 대상으로 각 병기별로 비타민 D 결핍상태를 평가하였다. 투석을 하지 않는 환자 371명을 대상으로 비타민 D의 결핍 정도에 따라서 여러 지표들이 어떻게 달라지는지 조사하였고, 만성 콩팥병 5기의 환자들 중 투석하지 않는 환자와 복막투석, 혈액 투석을 하는 경우에 각각 어떤 차이가 있는지 비교하였다. 아울러 비타민 D 결핍에 영향을 주는 인자들에 대한 승산비를 구하였다. 결과: 444명 중 eGFR 60 mL/min/$1.73\;m^2$ 이상인 군에서 43% (34/79)에 해당하는 환자에서 심한 25(OH)D 결핍(<10 ng/mL)을 보였다. 만성 콩팥병 3기에서는 53.2% (41/77), 4기에서는 53.3% (49/92), 그리고 5기에서는 70.9% (139/196) 에서 25(OH)D가 10 ng/mL 미만으로 낮았다. 투석을 하지 않는 만성 콩팥병 환자의 56.9% (211/371)가 심한 비타민 D 결핍을 보였고, 36.7% (136/371)에서 중등도의 비타민 D 결핍(10 ng/mL ${\leq}$ 25[OH]D < 20 ng/mL), 4.6% (17/371)에서 부족(20 ng/mL ${\leq}$ 25[OH]D < 30 ng/mL) 상태였으며, 단 1.9%(7/371)의 환자에서 25(OH)D가 30 ng/mL 이상으로 충분 상태였다. 심한 비타민 D 결핍은 계절(동절기, OR = 2.56 [1.51-4.37, 95% CI]), 신장 기능(만성 콩팥병 3기, OR = 2.10 [0.94-4.67, 95% CI]; 4기, OR = 1.29 [0.56-2.97, 95% CI]; 5기, OR = 3.15 [1.43-6.94, 95% CI])와 당뇨병(OR = 2.76 [1.51-5.03, 95% CI]), 저밀도 지질단백 콜레스테롤(100 mg/dL ${\leq}$ LDL-c < 130 mg/dL, OR = 1.981 [1.01-3.89, 95% CI]; LDL-c ${\geq}$ 130 mg/dL, OR = 1.961 [0.99-3.90, 95% CI])에 영향을 받았다. 혈청 부갑상선 호르몬은 25(OH)D에 음의 상관관계(r = -0.221, p < 0.001)를 가지고 있었고, 25(OH)D가 20 ng/mL 미만일 때 부갑상선 호르몬이 75-100 pg/mL으로 가파른 상승을 보였다. 결론: 비타민 D 결핍은 연령과 무관하게 만성 콩팥병의 초기 단계에서도 흔히 나타났고, 계절, 당뇨병, 높은 저밀도 지질단백 콜레스테롤이 위험인자이며, 부갑상선 호르몬을 급격히 증가시키는 25-hydroxyvitamin D 농도는 20 ng/mL이다.

Keywords

References

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