Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Options for sustainable earthquake-resistant design of concrete and steel buildings

  • Received : 2010.12.03
  • Accepted : 2012.05.01
  • Published : 2012.12.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Because of its large contribution to the environmental instability of the planet, the building industry will soon be subjected to a worldwide scrutiny. As a consequence, all professionals involved in the building industry will need to create a professional media in which their daily work adequately solves the technical issues involved in the conception, design and construction of concrete and steel buildings, and simultaneously convey care for the environment. This paper discusses, from the point of view of a structural engineer involved in earthquake-resistant design, some of the measures that can be taken to promote the consolidation of a building industry that is capable of actively contributing to the sustainable development of the world.

Keywords

References

  1. Alexander, M.G., Ballim, Y. and Stanish, K. (2008), "A framework for use of durability indexes in performancebased design and specifications for reinforced concrete structures", Mater. Struct., 41(5), 921-936. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9295-0
  2. Arnold, C. and Riba, F. (1996), "Architectural aspects of seismic resistant design", Proceedings of the 11th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 2003.
  3. Arroyo, D., Ordaz, M. and Teran-Gilmore, A. (2012), "Seismic loss estimation including environmental losses", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 2391.
  4. Bertero, R. and Bertero, V.V. (1992), "Tall reinforced concrete buildings: conceptual earthquake-resistant design methodology", Report No. UCB/EERC-92/16, University of California at Berkeley.
  5. Black, C., Makris, N. and Aiken, I. (2002), "Component testing, stability analysis and characterization of buckling-restrained unbounded braces", Report PEER 2002/08, University of California at Berkeley.
  6. Charleson, A.W. and Taylor, M. (2000), "Towards an earthquake architecture", Proceedings 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 0858.
  7. Charleson, A. (2008), "Seismic design for architects, outwitting the quake", Elsevier Ltd., First Edition, ISBN: 978-0-7506-8550-4.
  8. Chen, C.H., Hsiao, P.C., Lai, J.W., Lin, M.L., Weng, Y.T. and Tsai, K.C. (2004), "Pseudo-dynamic test of a fullscale CFT/BRB frame: Part 2 - Construction and testing", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 2175.
  9. Clark, P., Kasai, K., Aiken, I. and Kimura, I. (2000), "Evaluation of design methodologies for structures incorporating steel unbonded braces for energy dissipation", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 2240.
  10. Comerio, M.C. and Holmes, W.T. (2004), "Seismic risk reduction of laboratory contents", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 3389.
  11. Corinaldesi, V. and Moriconi, G. (2006), "Behavior of beam-column joints made of sustainable concrete under cyclic loading", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 18(5), 650-658. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:5(650)
  12. Di Prisco, M., Plizzari, G. and Vandewalle, L. (2009), "Fibre reinforced concrete: new design perspectives", Mater. Struct., 42(9), 1261-1281. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9529-4
  13. Duxson, P., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C. and van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007a), "The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of 'green concrete'", Cement Concrete Res., 37(12), 1590-1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018
  14. Duxson, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A. and van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007b), "Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art", J. Mater. Sci., 42(9), 2917-2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
  15. Etxeberria, M., Mari, A.R. and Vazquez, E. (2007), "Recycled aggregate concrete as structural material", Mater. Struct., 40(5), 529-541. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9161-5
  16. Federal Emergency Management Agency (2000), Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Report FEMA 356, Washington, D.C.
  17. Gao, W., Ariyama, T., Ojima, T. and Meier, A. (2001), "Energy impacts of recycling disassembly material in residential buildings", Energ. Buildings, 33(6), 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00096-7
  18. Gartner, E. (2004), "Industrially interesting approaches to ''low-CO2'' cements", Cement Concrete Res., 34, 1489-1498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.021
  19. Gomes, M. and de Brito, J. (2009), "Structural concrete with incorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramic aggregates: durability performance", Mater. Struct., 42(5), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9411-9
  20. Johnson, E.A., Ramallo, J.C., Spencer, B.F. and Sain, M.K. (1998), "Intelligent base isolation systems", Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Structural Control (CD), 367-376.
  21. Kaneko, M., Nakamura, Y., Kambara, H. and Tamura, K. (2008), "Seismic-safety evaluation method for building contents", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), S20-002.
  22. Kelly, J.M. (1982), "The influence of base isolation on the seismic response of light secondary equipment", Report No. UCB/EERC-81/17, University of California at Berkeley.
  23. Keoleian, G.A., Kendall, A., Dettling, J.E., Smith, V.M., Chandler, R.F., Lepech, M.D. and Li, V.C. (2005), "Life cycle modeling of concrete bridge design: comparison of engineered cementitious composite link slabs and conventional steel expansion joints", J. Infrastruct. Syst., 11(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:1(51)
  24. Kiggins, S. and Uang, C.M. (2006), "Reducing residual drift of buckling-restrained braced frames as a dual system", Eng. Struct., 28(11), 1525-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.10.023
  25. Kneer, E. and Maclise, L. (2008), "Consideration of building performance in sustainable design: a structural engineer's role", Proceedings SEAOC 2008 Convention.
  26. Ko, E., Mole, A., Aiken, I., Tajirian, F., Rubel, Z. and Kimura, I. (2002), "Application of the unbonded brace in medical facilities", Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 514.
  27. Konstantinidis, D. and Makris, N. (2006), "Experimental and analytical studies on the seismic response of freestanding and restrained laboratory equipment", Proceedings of the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 1619.
  28. Levy, S.M. and Helene, P. (2004), "Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to sustainable development", Cement Concrete Res., 34(11), 1975-1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.009
  29. Leon Flores, G.A., Lopez Batiz, O. and Padilla Romero, D.A. (2008), "Estudios experimentales del comportamiento sísmico de losas prefabricadas", Proceedings of the 16th Mexican Conference on Structural Engineering (In Spanish), CD.
  30. Li, V.C. (2007), "Integrated structures and materials design", Mater. Struct., 40(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9146-4
  31. Lopez Batiz, O., Cazamayor Cazares, A.H., Ortiz Vazquez, E. and Silva Olivera, H. (2001), "Estudio experimental sobre el comportamiento de estructuras con sistema de piso de vigueta y bovedilla sujetas a cargas laterales", Proceedings of the 13th Mexican Conference on Seismic Engineering (In Spanish), CD.
  32. Lopez, W., Gwie, D., Saunders, M. and Lauck, T. (2002), "Lessons learned from large-scale tests of unbonded braced frame subassemblage", Proceedings of the SEAOC 71st Annual Convention (CD).
  33. Lopez Batiz, O., Hernandez Diaz, J.L. and Pena Pedroza, J.I. (2004), "Desempeno de estructuras de concreto reforzado precoladas y presforzadas ante cargas laterales", Proceedings of the 14th Mexican Conference on Structural Engineering (In Spanish), CD.
  34. Mahin, S., Uriz, P., Aiken, I., Field, C. and Ko, E. (2004), "Seismic performance of buckling restrained braced frame systems", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 1681.
  35. Marsantyo, R., Shimazu, T. and Araki, H. (2000), "Dynamic response of nonstructural systems mounted on floors of buildings", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 1872.
  36. Martinez-Soto, I.E. and Mendoza-Escobedo, C.J. (2006), "Comportamiento mecánico de concreto fabricado con agregados reciclados", Invest. Tecnol., 7(3), 151-164.
  37. Mezzi, M., Verducci, P. and Liu, J.J. (2004), "Innovative systems for a sustainable architecture and engineering", Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium "Metropolitan Habitats and Infrastructure".
  38. Moehle, J.P. (1992), "Displacement-based design of RC structures subjected to earthquakes", Earthq. Spectra, 8(3), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585688
  39. Montiel Ortega, M.A. and Teran-Gilmore, A. (2011), "Comparative reliability of two twenty-four story braced buildings: traditional versus innovative", Struct. Des. Tall Spec., DOI: 10.1002/tal.716.
  40. Moon, K.S., Connor, J.J. and Fernandez, J.E. (2007), "Diagrid structural systems for tall buildings: characteristics and methodology for preliminary design", Struct. Des. Tall Spec., 16(2), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.311
  41. Oikonomou, N.D. (2005), "Recycled concrete aggregates", Cement Concrete Comp., 27(2), 315-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.020
  42. Priestley, M., Calvi, G.M. and Kowalsky, M.J. (2007), "Displacement-based seismic design of structures", IUSS PRESS, Pavia, ITALY.
  43. Reitherman, R. (2005), "Lateral thinking, both ways, for both objectives", Pamphlet Architecture Entry.
  44. Rodriguez, M. and Blandon, J.J. (2001), "Diseno y comportamiento sísmico de edificios a base de muro-marco de concreto reforzado. Aplicacion a la prefabricacion", Proceedings of the 13th Mexican Conference on Seismic Engineering (In Spanish), CD.
  45. Rodriguez, M. and Blandon, J. (2003), "Sistemas de piso en edificaciones para resistir fuerzas sísmicas en su plano", Proceedings of the 14th Mexican Conference on Seismic Engineering (In Spanish), CD.
  46. Santa-Ana, P.R. and Miranda, E. (2000), "Strength-reduction factors for multi-degree-of-freedom systems", Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 1446.
  47. Siddique, R. and Naik, T.R. (2004), "Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber - an overview", Waste Manage., 24(6), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006
  48. Somerville, P.G., Smith, N., Punyamurthula, S. and Sun, J. (1997), "Development of ground motion time histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC Steel Project", Report SAC/BD-97/04, SAC Joint Venture.
  49. Soong, T.T. and Spencer, B.F. (2002), "Suplemental energy dissipation: state-of-the-art and state-of-the practice", Eng. Struct., 24(3), 243-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00092-X
  50. Takahashi, N. and Shiohara, H. (2004), "Life cycle economic loss due to seismic damage of nonstructural elements", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD), 203.
  51. Teran-Gilmore, A. and Virto Cambray, N. (2009), "Preliminary design of low-rise buildings stiffened with buckling restrained braces by a displacement-based approach", Earthq. Spectra, 25(1), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3054638
  52. Teran-Gilmore, A. and Coeto, G. (2011), "Displacement-based preliminary design of tall buildings stiffened with a system of buckling-restrained braces", Earthq. Spectra, 27(1), 153-182. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3543854
  53. Teran-Gilmore, A. and Ruiz-Garcia, J. (2010), "Comparative seismic performance of steel frames retrofitted with buckling-restrained braces through the application of force-based and displacement-based approaches", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31(3), 478-490.
  54. Thormark, C. (2001), "Conservation of energy and natural resources by recycling building waste", Resour. Conserv. Recy., 33(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00078-7
  55. Thormark, C. (2002), "A low energy building in a life cycle - its embodied energy, energy need for operation and recycling potential", Build. Environ., 37(4), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00033-6
  56. Thormark, C. (2006), "The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building", Build. Environ., 41(8), 1019-1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.04.026
  57. Tremblay, R., Degrange, G. and Blouin, J. (1999), "Seismic rehabilitation of a four-story building with a stiffened bracing system", Proceedings of the 8th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CD).
  58. Tremblay, R., Bolduc, P., Neville, R. and DeVall, R. (2006), "Seismic testing and performance of buckling restrained bracing systems", Can. J. Civil Eng., 33(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-103
  59. Turki, M., Naceur, I.B., Makni, M., Rouis, J. and Saï, K. (2009), "Mechanical and damage behavior of mortarrubber aggregates mixtures: experiments and simulations", Mater. Struct., 42(10), 1313-1324. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9451-1
  60. Uang, C.M. and Nakashima, M. (2003), "Steel buckling-restrained braced frames", Earthquake Engineering: Recent Advances and Applications, Chapter 16, CRC Press.
  61. United Nations (1987), "Report of the world comission on environment and development", General Assembly Resolution, 96th Plenary Meeting.
  62. Ventura, C.E., Liam-Finn, W.D., Lord, J.F. and Fujita, N. (2003), "Dynamic characteristics of a base isolated building from ambient vibration measurements and low level earthquake shaking", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 23(4), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00208-7
  63. Villaverde, R. (1997), "Seismic design of secondary structures: state of the art", J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE, 123(8), 1011-1019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:8(1011)
  64. Wada, A., Huang, Y. and Bertero, V.V. (2003), "Innovative strategies in earthquake engineering", Earthquake Engineering: Recent Advances and Applications, Chapter 10, CRC Press.
  65. Walraven, J.C. (2009), "High performance fiber reinforced concrete: progress in knowledge and design codes", Mater. Struct., 42(9), 1247-1260. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9538-3
  66. Watanabe, A., Hitomi, Y., Saeki, E., Wada, A. and Fujimoto, M. (1988), "Properties of brace encased in buckling-restraining concrete and steel tube", Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 719-724.
  67. Wikipedia (2011), "Hearst tower (New York City)" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)
  68. World Steel Association (2007), "A global sector approach to $CO_{2}$ emissions reduction for the steel industry", http://www.worldsteel.org/?action=storypages&id=226.

Cited by

  1. Semi-active storey isolation system employing MRE isolator with parameter identification based on NSGA-II with DCD vol.11, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.6.1101
  2. Sustainable retrofit design of RC frames evaluated for different seismic demand vol.9, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.6.1337
  3. Sustainable Earthquake-Resisting System vol.144, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001900
  4. Seismic retrofitting by base-isolation of r.c. framed buildings exposed to different fire scenarios vol.13, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.3.267
  5. On the analysis of multilevel rocking cores-A bioinspired analogy vol.1, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12025
  6. A basis for developing sustainable earthquake-resisting structures vol.174, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.20.00053