International Journal of Contents

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Analgesic Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Central Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Contusive Rat Model

  • Kim, Kyung-Yoon (Department of Physical Therapy Dongshin University) ;
  • Sim, Ki-Chol (Department of Physical Therapy Dongshin University) ;
  • Kim, Hyun-Seung (Department of Physical Therapy HealingsHospital) ;
  • Choi, Wan-Suk (Department of Physical Therapy International University of Korea) ;
  • Kim, Gi-Do (Department of Physical Therapy International University of Korea)
  • Received : 2011.11.07
  • Accepted : 2012.01.27
  • Published : 2012.03.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The aim is to investigate the analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on central neuropathic pain(CNP) in spinal cord contusive rat model. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats($250{\pm}50$ g, male) were used. Thoracic spinal cord(T10) was contused using New York University(NYU) spinal cord impactor. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups; GroupI: Non-treatment after SCI induction(n=10), GroupII: application of tDCS(0.1 mA, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/6week) after SCI induction(n=10). Assess the effect of tDCS using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan(BBB) locomotor rating scales, Touch $test^{TM}$ sensory evaluator(TTSE), Plantar test$^{\circledR}$after contusion at the $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, $5^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week and the immunohistochemistric response of c-fos in the thalamus, cerebral cortex after contusion at the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI. The scores of BBB scales were significantly different from $3^{rd}$week. TTSE were different significantly over time, but there were no differences at each evaluation times on between-measure time effects. Plantar test were different significantly over time and there were difference at the $4^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI on between-measure time effects. Also, immunohistochemistric response of c-fos was reduced significantly from $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI in tDCS group compared with control group in thalamus and cortex. These results identified that tDCS of non-invasive therapeutic method may have beneficial analgesic effect on CNP after SCI with behavioral test and immunohistochemical test.

Keywords

References

  1. G. Davidoff, E. Roth, M. Guarracinin, J. Sliwa, and G. Yarkony, "Function-Limiting DysestheticPainSyndrome AmongTraumaticSpinal Cord Injury Patients: ACross-Sectional Study," Pain, vol.29, no.1, 1987, pp.39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)90176-X
  2. S.B. McMahon, "Mechanism of Sympathetic Pain," Br Med Bull, vol.47, no.3, 1991, pp.584-600. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072494
  3. J. Sato, and E.R. Perl, "Adrenergic Excitation of Cutaneous Pain Receptors Induced by Peripheral Nerve Injury," Science, vol.251, no.5001, 1991, pp.1608-1610. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2011742
  4. Z. Seltzer, and Y. Shir, "Sympathetically-Maintained CausalgiformDisorders in a Model for Neuropathic Pain: AReview," J Basic ClinPhysiolPharmacol, vol.2, no.1-2, 1991, pp.17-61.
  5. Y.S. Gwak, "The Mechanism of Central Pain Induced by Spinal Cord Injury," Doctoral Dissertation, TheGraduate School of Yonsei University, 2001.
  6. V. Chapman, J. Ng, and A.H. Dickenson, "A Novel Spinal Action of Mexiletine in Spinal Somatosensory Transmission of Nerve Injured Rats," Pain, vol.77, no.3, 1998, pp.289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00106-7
  7. P. Siddall, C.L. Xu, and M. Cousins, "AllodyniaFollowingTraumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat," Neuroreport, vol.6, no.9, 1995, pp.1241-1244. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199506090-00003
  8. R.P. Yezierski, "Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology and Central Mechanisms," Prog Brain Res, vol.129, 2000, pp.429-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(00)29033-X
  9. T.N. Bryce, and K.T. Ragnarsson, "Pain AfterSpinal Cord Injury," Phys Med RehabilClin N Am, vol.11, no.1, 2000, pp.157-168.
  10. Y.K. Bae, S.J. Kim, J.M. Seo, Y.W. Cho, S.H. Ahn, I.S. Kang, H.W. Park, and S.J Hwang, "Effects of Continuous Repetitive TranscranialMagnetic Stimulation on Pain Response in Spinal Cord Injured Rat," Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine, vol. 34, no. 3, 2010, pp. 259-264.
  11. D. Liebetanz, M.A.Nitsche, F. Tergau, and W. Paulus, "Pharmacological Approach to the Mechanisms of Transcranial DC-Stimulation-Induced After-Effects of Human Motor Cortex Excitability," Brain, vol.125, no.10, 2002, pp.2238-2247. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf238
  12. M.A. Nitsche, and W. Paulus, "Excitability Changes Induced in the Human Motor Cortex by Weak TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation," J Physiol, vol.527, no.3, 2000, pp.633-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x
  13. M.A. Nitsche, A. Schauenburg, N. Lang, D. Liebetanz, C. Exner, W. Paulus, and F. Tergau, "Facilitation of Implicit Motor Learning by Weak TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in the Human," J CognNeurosci, vol.15, no.4, 2003, pp.619-626.
  14. M.A. Nitsche, K. Fricke, U. Henschke, A. Schlitterlau, D. Liebetanz, N. Lang, S. Henning, F. Tergau, and W. Paulus, "Pharmacological Modulation of Cortical Excitability Shifts Induced by TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation in Humans," J Physiol, vol.553, no.1, 2003, pp.293-301. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049916
  15. A. Antal, D. Terney, C. Poreisz, and W. Paulus, "Towards UnravellingTask-Related Modulations of NeuroplasticChangesInduced in the Human Motor Cortex," Eur J Neurosci, vol.26, no.9, 2007, pp.2687-2691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05896.x
  16. B.R. Webster, P.A. Celnik, and L.G. Cohen, "Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Stroke Rehabilitation," NeuroRx, vol.3, no.4, 2006, pp.474-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.008
  17. P.S. Boggio, E.J. Amancio, C.F. Correa, S. Cecilio, C. Valasek, Z. Bajwa, S.D. Freedman, A. Pascual-Leone, D.J. Edwards, and F. Fregni, "Transcranial DC Stimulation Coupled with TENS for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: APreliminaryStudy," Clin J Pain, vol.25, no.8, 2009, pp.691-695.
  18. F. Fregni, P.S. Boggio, M.C. Lima, M.J. Ferreira, T. Wagner, S.P. Rigonatti, A.W. Castro, D.R. Souza, M. Riberto, S.D. Freedman, M.A. Nitshe, and A. Pascual-Leone, "A Sham-Controlled, Phase II Trial of TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation for the Treatment of Central Pain in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury," Pain, vol.122, no,1-2, 2006, pp.197-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.023
  19. C. Abbadie, and J.M. Besson, "c-fosExpression in Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord During the Development of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis," Neuroscience, vol.48, no.4, 1992, pp.985-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90287-C
  20. C.B. Hathaway, J.W. Hu, and D.A. Bereiter, "Distribution of Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Caudal Brainstem of the Rat Following Noxious Chemical Stimulation of the TempomandibularJoint," J Comp Neurol, vol.356, no.3, 1995, pp.444-456. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903560311
  21. J.A. Harris, "Using c-fos as a Neural Marker of Pain", Brain Res Bull, vol.45, no. 1, 1998, pp.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00277-3
  22. S.J. Kim, "Mechanism of Motor Recovery Induced by Repeated Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Stroke Rat Model," Doctoral Dissertation, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, 2001.
  23. D.M. Basso, M.S. Beattie, and J.C. Bresnahan, "Graded Histological and LocomotorOutcomes after Spinal Cord Contusion Using the NYU Weight-Drop Device Versus Transection," ExpNeurol, vol.139, no.2, 1996, pp.224-256.
  24. S.H. Kim, and J.M. Chung, "An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat," Pain, vol.50, no.3, 1992, pp.355-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90041-9
  25. S.R. Chaplan, A.B. Malmberg, and T.L. Yaksh, "Efficacy of Spinal NMDA Receptor Antagonism in Formalin Hyperalgesia and Nerve Injury Evoked Allodynia in the Rat," J PharmacolExpTher, vol.280, no.2, 1997, pp.829-838.
  26. G. Paxinos, and C. Watson,TheRat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. San Diego, Academic Press Inc., pp.13-38, 2005.
  27. B.D. Nicholson. "Evaluation and Treatment of Central Pain Syndromes," vol.62, no. 5, 2004, pp.S30-36.
  28. B.A. Wallace, K. Ashkan, and A.L. Benabid, "Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic, Intractable Pain," NeurosurgClin N Am, vol.15, no. 3, 2004, pp.343-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2004.03.004
  29. A. Antal, M.A. Nitsche, W. Kruse, T.Z. Kincses, K.P. Hoffmann, and W. Paulus, "Direct Current Stimulation Over v5 Enhances VisuomotorCoordination by Improving Motion Perception in Humans," J CognNeurosci,vol.16, no.4, 2004, pp.521-527.
  30. S. Hesse, C. Werner, E.M. Schonhardt, A. Bardeleben, W. Jenrich, and S.G. Kirker, "Combined TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation and Robot-Assisted Arm Training in SubacuteStrokePatients: APilotStudy," RestorNeurolNeurosci, vol.25, no.1, 2007, pp.9-15.
  31. A. Monti, F. Cogiamanian, S. Marceglia, R. Ferrucci, F. Mameli, S. Mrakic-Sposta, M. Vergari, S. Zago, and A. Priori, "Improved Naming after TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation in Aphasia," J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry, vol.79, no.4, 2008, pp.451-453. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.135277
  32. A. Antal, N. Brepohl, C. Poreisz, K. Boros, G. Csifcsak, and W. Paulus, "TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation Over Somatosensory Cortex Decreases Experimentally Induced Acute Pain Perception," Clin J Pain, vol.24, no. 1, 2008, pp.56-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318157233b
  33. P.S. Boggio, S. Zaghi, M. Lopes, and F. Fregni, "Modulatory Effects of Anodal TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation on Perception and Pain Thresholds in Healthy Volunteers," Eur J Neurol, vol.15, no. 10, 2008,pp.1124-1130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02270.x
  34. F. Fregni, R. Gimenes, A.C. Valle, M.J. Ferreira, R.R. Rocha, L. Natalle, R. Bravo, S.P. Rigonatti, S.D. Freedman, M.A. Nitsche, A. Pascual-Leone, and P.S. Boggio, "A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Proof of Principle Study of TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain in Fibromyalgia,"Arthritis Rheum, vol.54, no. 12, 2006, pp.3988-3998. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22195
  35. C.E. Hulsebosch, G.Y. Xu, J.R. Perez-Polo, K.N. Westlund, C.P. Taylor, and D.J. McAdoo, "Rodent Model of Chronic Central Pain after Spinal Cord Contusion Injury and Effects of Gabapentin," J Neurotrauma, vol.17, no. 12, 2000, pp.1205-1217. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2000.17.1205
  36. C.D. Mills, J.J. Grady, and C.E. Hulsebosch, "Changes in Exploratory Behavior as a Measure of Chronic Central Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury," J Neurotrauma, vol.18, no. 10, 2001, pp.1091-1105. https://doi.org/10.1089/08977150152693773
  37. D. Wachter, A. Wrede, W. Schulz-Schaeffer, A. Taghizadeh-Waghefi, M.A. Nitsche, A. Kutschenko, V. Rohde, and D. Liebetanz, "TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation Induces Polarity-Specific Changes of Cortical Blood Perfusion in the Rat," ExpNeurol, vol.227. no.2, 2011 pp.322-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.12.005
  38. T. Kamida, S. Kong, N. Eshima, T. Abe, M. Fujiki, and H. Kobayashi, "TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation Decreases Convulsions and Spatial Memory Deficits Following Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats," Behav Brain Res, vol.217, no.1, 2011, pp.99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.050
  39. Y.S. Gwak, T.S. Nam, K.S. Paik, C.E. Hulsebosch, and J.W. Leem, "Attenuation of Mechanical HyperalgesiaFollowingSpinal Cord Injury by Administration of Antibodies to Nerve Growth Factor in the Rat," NeurosciLett, vol.336, no. 2, 2003, pp.117-120.
  40. B.C. Hains, A.W. Everhart, S.D. Fullwood, and C.E. Hulsebosch, "Changes in Serotonin, Serotonin Transporter Expression and Serotonin Denervation Supersensitivity: Involvement in Chronic Central Pain after Spinal Hemisection in the Rat," ExpNeurol, vol.175, no. 2, 2002, pp.347-362. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2002.7892
  41. I. Omana-Zapata, M.A. Khabbaz, J.C. Hunter, and K.R.Bley, "QX-314 Inhibits Ectopic Nerve Activity Associated with Neuropathic Pain," Brain Res, vol.771, no. 2, 1997, pp.228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00770-1
  42. M.D. Christensen, A.W. Everhart, J.T. Pickelman, and C.E. Hulsebosch, "Mechanical and Thermal Allodynia in Chronic Central Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury," Pain, vol.68, no. 1, 1996, pp.97-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03224-1
  43. R. Rolke, W. Magerl, K.A. Campbell, C. Schalber, S. Caspari, F. Birklein, and R.D. Treede, "Quantitative Sensory Testing: AComprehensiveProtocol for Clinical Trials," EurJ Pain, vol.10, no. 1, 2006, pp.77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.003
  44. C.G. Bachmann, R. Rolke, U. Scheidt, C. Stadelmann, M. Sommer, G. Pavlakovic, S. Happe, R.D. Treede,andW. Paulus, "Thermal Hypoesthesia Differentiates Secondary Restless Legs Syndrome Associated with Small FiberNeuropathy from Primary Restless Legs Syndrome," Brain, vol.133, no. 3, 2010, pp.762-770. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq026
  45. E. Bullitt, "Expression of c-fos-Like Protein as a Marker for Neuronal Activity Following Noxious Stimulation in the Rat," J Comp Neurol, vol.296, no. 4, 1990, pp.517-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960402
  46. A.M. Strassman, and B.P. Vos, "Somatotopic and Laminar Organization of fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Medullary and Upper Cervical Dorsal Horn Induced by Noxious Facial Stimulation in the Rat," J Comp Neurol, vol.331, no. 4, 1993, pp.495-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903310406
  47. M.A. Nitsche, A. Seeber, K. Frommann, C.C. Klein, C. Rochford, M.S. Nitsche, K. Fricke, D. Liebetanz, N. Lang, A. Antal, W. Paulus, and F. Tergau, "ModulatingParameters of Excitability During and after TranscranialDirectCurrent Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex," J Physiol, vol.568, no. 1, 2005, pp.291-303. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092429
  48. T. Tsubokawa, Y. Katayama, T. Yamamoto, T. Hirayama, and S. Koyama, "Treatment of Thalamic Pain by Chronic Motor Cortex Stimulation," Pacing ClinElectrophysiol, vol.14, no.1,1991, pp.131-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1991.tb04058.x

Cited by

  1. The Effect of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices on Motor Function in Patients With Sub-Acute Stroke vol.12, pp.1662-5161, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00441