DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

DEVELOPMENT OF ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PALLADIUM IN HIGH LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE

  • Bhardwaj, T.K. (Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University) ;
  • Sharma, H.S. (Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) ;
  • Jain, P.C. (Department of Chemistry, Meerut College) ;
  • Aggarwal, S.K. (Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)
  • Received : 2011.11.04
  • Accepted : 2012.02.27
  • Published : 2012.12.25

Abstract

Deposition potential, deposition time, square wave frequency, rotation speed of the rotating disc electrode, and palladium concentration were studied on a Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) in 0.01M HCl for the determination of palladium in High Level Nuclear Waste (HLNW) by anodic stripping voltammetry. Experimental conditions were optimized for the determination of palladium at two different, $10^{-8}$ and $10^{-7}M$, levels. Error and standard deviation of this method were under 1% for all palladium standard solutions. The developed technique was successfully applied as a subsidiary method for the determination of palladium in simulated high level nuclear waste with very good precision and high accuracy (under 1 % error and standard deviation).

Keywords

References

  1. Y. B. Kudasov and A.S. Korshunov, "Surface ferromagnetism of palladium induced by strong electric field," Physics Letters A, 364, 348-351 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2006.12.005
  2. A. I. Matesanz, J. Mosa, I. Garci'a, and C. Pastor, P. Souza, "Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and electrochemistry of a novel palladium(II) binuclear complex containing 1,2,4-triazole bis(4-phenylthiosemicarbazone) bridges," Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 7, 756-759 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2004.04.007
  3. G. Zotti, G. Pilloni, P. Rigo, and M. Martelli, "Electrochemistry of coordination compounds: Part XVII. Electron transfer properties in nickel(II), palladium(II) and platinum( II) complexes with hybrid bidentate ligands containing phosphorus and nitrogen or sulfur donor atoms," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 124, 277-284 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(81)80304-X
  4. L.D. Burke and L.C. Nagle, "Anomalous electrochemical behaviour of palladium in aqueous solution," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 461, 52-64 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00065-5
  5. W.H. Guo, W.A. Brantley, W.A.T. Clark, J.Z. Xiao, and E. Papazoglou, "Transmission electron microscopic studies of deformed high-palladium dental alloys," Dental Materials, 19, 334-340 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00063-5
  6. A.L. Neme, W.C. Wagner, and W.J. O'Brien, "Effects of palladium addition on emission of mercury vapor from dental amalgam," Dental Materials, 15, 382-389 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(99)00060-3
  7. M.A. Ontalba Salamanca, B. Gomez-Tubio, I. Ortega-Feliu, M.A. Respaldiza, M. Luisa de la Bandera, G. Ovejero Zappino, A. Bouzas, and A. Gomez-Moron, "Externalbeam PIXE spectrometry for the study of Punic jewellery (SW Spain): The geographical provenance of the palladiumbearing gold," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 249, 622-627 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2006.03.172
  8. L. S. Escandón, S. Ordonez, A. Vega, and Fernando V. Diez, "Oxidation of methane over palladium catalysts: effect of the support," Chemosphere, 58, 9-17 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.012
  9. L. M. Neal, D. Hernandez, and H. E. Hagelin-Weaver, "Effects of nanoparticle and porous metal oxide supports on the activity of palladium catalysts in the oxidative coupling of 4-methylpyridine," Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 307, 29-36 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2009.03.006
  10. M. Neves, F. Waerenborgh, and L. Patricio, "Palladium- 109 and holmium-166 potential radionuclides for synoviotherapy-radiation absorbed dose calculations," International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 38, 745-749 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(87)90256-5
  11. A. Fabre, B. Decamps, E. Finot, J.M. Penisson, J. Demoment, S. Thiebaut, S. Contreras, and A. Percheron-Guegan, "On the correlation between mechanical and TEM studies of the aging of palladium during tritium storage," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 342, 101-107 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.02.011
  12. J.A. Emig, R.G. Garza, L.D. Christensen, P.R. Coronado, and P.C. Souers, "Helium release from 19-year-old palladium tritide," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 187, 209-214 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(92)90499-B
  13. S. Thiebaut, B. Decamps, J.M. Penisson, B. Limacher, A. Percheron Guegan, "TEM study of the aging of palladiumbased alloys during tritium storage," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 277, 217-225 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(99)00191-9
  14. L. Wenhua, S. Cansheng, L. Xuejian, 'Purification of hydrogen isotopes using palladium molecular sieve," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 329, 1361-1364 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.04.198
  15. G.A. Eloff, C.J. Greyling, P.E. Viljoen, "Improvement in oxidation resistance of Zircaloy-4 by surface alloying with a thin layer of palladium," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 202, 239-244 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(93)90393-D
  16. I. Takagi, K. Moritani, H. Moriyama, "Asymmetric surface recombination of hydrogen on palladium exposed to plasma," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 313, 102-106 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01370-3
  17. K. Minato, T. Ogawa, S. Kashimura, K. Fukuda, M. Shimizu, Y. Tayama, I. Takahashi, "Fission product palladiumsilicon carbide interaction in htgr fuel particles,' Journal of Nuclear Materials, 172 184-196 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(90)90437-R
  18. H. J. Ache et. al., "Feasibility of seperation and utilization of Ruthunium, Rhodium and Palladium from high level wastes," Technical Report series No 308, IAEA, Viena (1989).
  19. H. Bokelund, C. Apostolidis, J.-P. Glatz, "Recovery and chemical purification of actinides at JRC, Karlsruhe," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 166, 181-188 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(89)90188-8
  20. Z. Dlouhy, Studies in Environmental Science, v. 15, Elsevier, New York, 1982.
  21. S.A. Kuznetsov, M. Gaune-Escard, "Electrochemical transient techniques for study of the electrochemistry and thermodynamics of nuclear materials in molten salts," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 389, 108-114 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.015
  22. Y. Chen, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, D. D. Macdonald, "The electrochemistry of zirconium in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures and pressures," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 348, 133-147 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.09.014
  23. B. Muzeau, S. Perrin, C. Corbel, D. Simon, D. Feron, "Electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel in PWR primary coolant conditions: Effects of radiolysis," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 419, 241-247 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.08.051
  24. T.K. Bhardwaj, H.S. Sharma, S.K. Aggarwal, "Development of anodic stripping voltammetry for determination of gallium in U-Ga alloy," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 360, 215-221 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.09.015
  25. A. M. Bond, P. J. Mahon, J. Schiewe, V. Vicente-Beckett, "An inexpensive and renewable pencil electrode for use in field-based stripping voltammetry," Analytica Chimica Acta, 345, 67-74 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00102-5
  26. S. Abbasi, A. Bahiraei, F. Abbasai, "A highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of ultra trace levels of copper and cadmium in food and water samples with luminol as a chelating agent by adsorptive stripping voltammetry," Food Chemistry, 129, 1274-1280 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.020
  27. M. J. G. Gonzalez, O. D. Renedo, M. Asuncion A. Lomillo, M. Julia A. Marionez, "Determination of gallium by adsorptive stripping voltammetry," Talanta, 62, 457-462 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2003.08.029
  28. K. C. Marsden, B. Pesic, "Evaluation of the Electrochemical Behavior of CeCl3 in Molten LiCl-KCl Eutectic Utilizing Metallic Ce as an Anode," J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, 111-120 (2011).
  29. Y. Li, X. Lin, "Simultaneous electroanalysis of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid by poly (vinyl alcohol) covalently modified glassy carbon electrode," "Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical," 115, 134-139 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.08.022
  30. V.I. Birss, V.H. Beck, A.J. Zhang, P. Vanysek, "Properties of thin, hydrous Pd oxide films,' Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 429, 175-184 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05007-3
  31. A. Dakshinamoorthy, P.S. Dhami, P.W. Naik, N.L. Dudwadkar, S.K. Munshi, P.K. Dey, V. Venugopal, "Separation of palladium from high level liquid waste of PUREX origin by solvent extraction and precipitation methods using oximes," Desalination, 232, 26-36 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.052
  32. G. East, P. Cofre, "Determination of gallium by squarewave voltammetry anodic stripping, based on the electrocatalytic action of 2,2/ - bipyridine in dimethylsulphoxide: Comparison with an aqueous NaSCN/$NaClO_{4}$ electrolyte," Talanta, 40 1273-1281 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(93)80198-Z