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Fermentative Properties and Immunomodulating Activity of Low-sodium Kimchi Supplemented with Acanthopanax senticosus and Glycyrrhizae uralensis Extracts

가시오가피와 감초 추출물을 첨가한 저 나트륨 김치의 발효특성과 면역 활성능

  • Yu, Kwang-Won (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation) ;
  • Suh, Hyung-Joo (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Korea University) ;
  • Hwang, Jong-Hyun (Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation)
  • 유광원 (한국교통대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 서형주 (고려대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 황종현 (한국교통대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2012.10.10
  • Accepted : 2012.11.20
  • Published : 2012.12.31

Abstract

This study investigated the fermentative characteristics and immunomodulating activity in Kimchi added with various salts (salt replacement and herb-salt with Acanthopanax senticosus and Glycyrrhizae uralensis) for the reduction of Na concentration in Kimchi. Kimchi using a salt replacement and herb-salt showed a higher level of acidity (0.8~0.84%) than that of the control (0.7%) at 7-day fermentation. Kimchi using a salt replacement and herb-salt showed a lower level of salinity (1.72~1.98%) than that of control (2.3~2.57%) during fermentation. The growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. recorded the highest level ($2.3{\times}10^8$ and $2.8{\times}10^6cfu/g$, respectively) in control at 6 day-fermentation. However, those levels in Kimchi prepared with salt replacement and herb-salt were $3.5{\sim}5.4{\times}10^8$ and $6.1{\times}10^6cfu/g$, respectively. It is assumed that the high level of acidity of Kimchi prepared with salt replacement and herb-salt was caused by the increase in the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp.. When the macrophage stimulating activity of salt replacement kimchi (Salt-R kimchi) supplemented with hot-water extract from Acanthopanax sentisus (AS) or Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU) was investigated on aging period, Salt-RA kimchi with AS 5% at 6 days (2.78-fold of saline control at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and Salt-RG kimchi with GU 5% at 9 days (2.02-fold) significantly increased compared to the Salt-RA kimchi without AS or GU. In addition, Salt-RAG kimchi with AS 3% and GU 3% improved the bitter taste of Salt-RA and potently stimulated the macrophage at 6 days (1.28-fold of Salt-R kimchi) even though its activity was lower than Salt-RA (5%, 1.39-fold).

건강 기능성을 강조한 김치를 개발하기 위하여 대체염을 사용한 저 나트륨 김치 제조 시 선행연구결과에서 면역 활성이 우수했던 가시오가피와 감초의 추출물을 일정 농도로 첨가한 후 $10^{\circ}C$에서 숙성하면서 경시적으로 발효특성과 면역 활성능을 조사하였다. 대체염과 가시오가피와 감초의 추출물을 첨가한 저 나트륨 김치는 대조구인 일반김치에 비하여 pH 저하는 완만하여, 발효 7일차에 일반김치는 초기 pH 5.5에서 4.14로 저하하였는데 비하여, 저 나트륨 김치는 초기 pH 5.83~5.88에서 4.26~4.32이었으며, 산도의 경우에는 저 나트륨 김치가 오히려 산 생성이 높아 발효 7일차에 일반김치가 0.7인데 비하여 저 나트륨 김치는 0.8~0.84에 이르렀다. 발효 중 염도 변화는 대체염과 가시오가피와 감초의 추출물을 이용한 저 나트륨 김치군은 1.72~1.98%, 대조구의 염도는 2.3~2.57%의 분포를 보임으로써 75~77%의 염도 수준에 이르며, 나트륨함량으로는 일반김치의 $65{\pm}1%$ 수준에 해당된다. 유산균의 경우에는 일반김치에 비하여 가시오가피와 감초의 추출물을 첨가한 저 나트륨 김치가 유산균 증식이 높아 발효 6일차에 유산균의 증식이 가장 높아 일반염을 사용한 대조구 김치의 경우에는 Lactobacillus spp.가 $2.3{\times}10^8cfu/g$, Leuconostoc spp.가 $2.8{\times}10^6cfu/g$ 이었는데 비하여 대체염과 가시오가피 추출물 5%를 사용한 저 나트륨 김치의 경우에는 Lactobacillus spp.가 $3.5{\sim}5.4{\times}10^8cfu/g$, Leuconostoc spp.는 $6.1{\times}10^6cfu/g$으로 더 높아 대체염과 가시오가피와 감초의 추출물을 이용한 저 나트륨 김치의 경우가 유산균 증식이 활발하고, 이에 따라 산생성력이 높은 것으로 생각되었다. 가시오가피(AS)와 감초(GU)가 첨가된 저 나트륨 김치의 숙성과정 중 마크로파지 활성을 측정한 결과, AS 5%가 첨가된 Salt-RA kimchi는 숙성 6일째(식염수 대조군의 2.78배, 시료 $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), GU 5%가 첨가된 Salt-RG kimchi는 숙성 9일째(2.02배)에 AS나 GU가 첨가되지 않은 시료대조군(Salt-RA kimchi)보다 유의적으로 활성이 증진되었다. 또한, AS와 GU를 각각 3%씩 첨가한 저 나트륨 김치는 AS가 첨가된 저 나트륨 김치의 쓴맛을 개선할 뿐만 아니고, AS 첨가 저 나트륨 김치(김치 대조군보다 1.39배)보다는 낮을지라도 숙성 6일째에 저 나트륨 대조군 김치보다 마크로파지 활성을 유의적으로 증진시켰다(김치 대조군보다 1.28배).

Keywords

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