Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering (한국정밀공학회지)

Korean Society for Precision Engineering (한국정밀공학회)
권호 표지

Analysis of Ink Transfer Mechanism in Gravure-offset Printing Process

그라비아 옵셋 프린팅 공정에서의 잉크전이 메커니즘 해석 연구

  • 이승현 (한국기계연구원 인쇄전자연구센터) ;
  • 남기상 (한국기계연구원 인쇄전자연구센터) ;
  • 이택민 (한국기계연구원 인쇄전자연구센터) ;
  • 윤덕균 (한국기계연구원 인쇄전자연구센터) ;
  • 조정대 (한국기계연구원 인쇄전자연구센터)
  • Received : 2011.07.26
  • Accepted : 2011.09.05
  • Published : 2011.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Ink transfer process is very important to determine quality of printed pattern, therefore its mechanism should be understood to control printing quality. Although there have been many attempts to understand ink transfer mechanism by numerical simulation and experimental studies, their model was too much simple to model realistic printing process and our understanding is not enough yet. In this paper we designed ink transfer visualization system to present flow visualization of ink transfer process for gravure offset printing. We considered rotational effect of blanket roll which is related with printing speed and used non-Newtonian fluid as working fluid such as Ag paste. For printing unit, cantilever-type blanket roll is used for convenient visualization of ink transfer. Serial images were captured continuously by using high-speed CMOS camera and long range microscope. We investigated the effects of various design parameters such as printing speed and pattern angle on the ink transfer process. We found more stretched ink filament for non-Newtonian fluid than Newtonian fluid. As increasing printing speed, length of stretched ink filament and height of break-up point are also increased. We also compared ink transfer process between CD and MD pattern and its relationship with ink transfer mechanism.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim, C. H., Choi, B. O., Ryu, B. S. and Kim, D. S., "Gravure Offset Printing for Printed Electronics," J. of KSPE, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 96-102, 2008.
  2. Choi, B.-O., Kim, C. H. and Kim, D.-S., "Manufacturing Ultra-high-frequency Radio Frequency Identification Tag Antennas by Multilayer Printings," Proc. IMechE Part C: J. Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 224, No. 1, pp. 149-156, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1610
  3. Kopolar, P., Tumikoski, M., Suhonen, R. and Maaninen, A., "Gravure Printed Organic Light Emitting Diodes for Lighting Applications," Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, No. 19, pp. 5757-5762, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.209
  4. Lija, K. E., B cklund, T. G., Lupo, D., Hassinen, T. and Joutsenoja, T., "Gravure Printed Organic Rectifying Diodes Operating at High Frequencies," Organic Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 1011-1014, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2009.04.008
  5. Lee, T.-M., Noh, J.-H., Kim, I., Kim, D.-S. and Chun, S., "Reliability of Gravure Offset Printing under Various Printing Conditions," J. Applied Physics, Vol. 108, No. 10, Paper No. 102802, 2010.
  6. Padus, M., Hagberg, J. and Lepp vuori, S., "The Absorption Ink Transfer Mechanism of Gravure Offset Printing for Electronics Circuitry," IEEE Trans. Electronics Packaging Manufacturing, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 335-343, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEPM.2002.807728
  7. Pudas, M., Hagberg, J. and Lepp vuori, S., "Printing Parameters and Ink Components Affecting Ultra-fineline Gravure-offset Printing for Electronics Applications," Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24, No. 10-11, pp. 2943-2950, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.11.011
  8. Pudas, M., Hagberg, J. and Lepp vuori, S., "Gravure Offset Printing of Polymer Inks for Conductors," Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 324-335, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.09.013
  9. Pudas, M., Hagberg, J. and Lepp vuori, S., "Rollertype Gravure Offset Printing of Conductive Inks for High-resolution Printing on Ceramic Substrates," International Journal of Electronics, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 251-269, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207210500102930
  10. Neff, J. E., "Investigation of the Effects of Process Parameters on Performance of Gravure Printed ITO on Flexible Substrates," M.S. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
  11. Lee, J.-W., Mun, K. K. and Yoo, Y. T., "A Comparative Study on Roll-to-roll Gravure Printing on PET and BOPP Webs with Aqueous Ink," Progress in Organic Coating, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 98-108, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.07.011
  12. Lee, T.-M., Lee, S.-H., Noh, J.-H., Kim, D.-S. and Chun, S., "The Effect of Shear Force on Ink Transfer in Gravure Offset Printing," J. Micromech. Microeng., Vol. 20, No. 12, Paper No. 125026, 2010.
  13. Schwartz, L. W., "Numerical Modeling of Liquid Withdrawal from Gravure Cavities in Coating Operations; the Effect of Cell Pattern," J. Engineering Mathematics, Vol. 42, No. 3-4, pp. 243-253, 2002.
  14. Powell, C. A., Savage, M. D. and Guthrie, J. T., "Computational Simulation of the Printing of Newtonian Liquid from a Trapezoidal Cavity," Int. J. Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 338-355, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1108/09615530210433251
  15. Yin, X. and Kumar, S., "Lubrication Flow Between a Cavity and a Flexible Wall," Phys. Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 6, Paper No. 063101, 2005.
  16. Yin, X. and Kumar, S., "Two-dimensional Simulations of Flow near a Cavity and a Flexible Solid Boundary," Phys. Fluids, Vol. 18, No. 6, Paper No. 063103, 2006.
  17. Hoda, N. and Kumar, S., "Boundary Integral Simulations of Liquid Emptying from a Model Gravure Cell," Phys. Fluids, Vol. 20, No. 9, Paper No. 092106, 2008.
  18. Dodds, S., Carvalho, M. S. and Kumar, S., "Stretching and Slipping of Liquid Bridges near Plates and Cavities," Phys. Fluids, Vol. 21, No. 9, Paper No. 092103, 2009.
  19. Huang, W.-X., Lee, S.-H., Sung, H. J., Lee, T.-M. and Kim, D.-S., "Simulation of Liquid Transfer between Separating Walls for Modeling Micro-gravure-offset Printing," Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 1436-1446, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.07.002
  20. Lee, S. and Na, Y., "Effect of Roll Patterns on the Ink Transfer in R2R Printing Process," Int. J. Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 120-130, 2009.
  21. Ahmed, D. H., Sung, H. J. and Kim, D.-S., "Simulation of non-Newtonian Ink Transfer between Two Separating Plates for Gravure-offset Printing," Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 298-307, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.06.011
  22. Ghadri, F., Ahmed, D. H., Sung, H. J. and Shirani, E., "Non-Newtonian Ink Transfer in Gravure-offset Printing," Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 308-317, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.09.004
  23. Bhat, P. P., Basaran, O. A. and Pasquali, M., "Dynamics of Viscoelastic Liquid Filaments: Low Capillary Number Flows," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., Vol. 150, No. 2-3, pp. 211-225, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.10.021
  24. McKinley, G. H. and Sridhar, T., "Filament-Stretching Rheometry of Complex Fluids," Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 375-415, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.34.083001.125207
  25. Notz, P. K. and Basaran, O., "Dynamics and Breakup of a Contracting Liquid Filament," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 512, pp. 223-256, 2004.
  26. Pearson, G. and Middleman, S., "Elongational Flow Behavior of Viscoelastic Liquids: Modelling Bubble Dynamics with Viscoelastic Constitutive Relations," Rheol. Acta, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 500-510, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01534277
  27. Rodd, L. E., Scott, T., Cooper-White, J. J. and McKinley, G. H., "Capillary Break-up Rheometry of Low-Viscosity Elastic Fluids," Applied Rheology, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 12-27, 2005.
  28. Sizaire, R. and Legat, V., "Finite Element Simulation of a Filament Stretching Extensional Rheometer," J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., Vol. 71, No. 1-2, pp. 89-107, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(97)00013-X
  29. Kim, K., Kim, C. H., Kim. H.-Y. and Kim, D. -S., "Effects of Blanket Roller Deformation on Printing Qualities in Gravure-Offset Printing Method," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, No. 5, Paper No. 05EC04, 2010.
  30. Yin, X., "Visualization and Modeling of Flow inside Gravure Cells and Grooves," Ph.D. Dissertation, Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2005.
  31. Yin, X. and Kumar, S., "Flow Visualization of the Liquid-emptying Process in Scaled-up Gravure Grooves and Cells," Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 1146-1156, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.07.039
  32. Kang, H. W., Sung, H. J., Lee, T.-M., Kim, D.-S. and Kim, C.-J., "Liquid Transfer between Two Separating Plates from Micro-gravure-offset Printing," J. Micromech. Microeng., Vol. 19, No. 1, Paper No. 015025, 2009.
  33. Dodds, S., Carvalho, M. S. and Kumar, S., "Stretching Liquid Bridges with Bubbles: The Effect of Air Bubbles on Liquid Transfer," Langmuir, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 1556-1559, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1021/la104369z