Journal of Environmental Science International (한국환경과학회지)

The Korean Environmental Sciences Society (한국환경과학회)
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Toxic Effects of Triazole Fungicide Difenoconazole on the Early Development of African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

Triazole계 농약 Difenoconazole이 Xenopus laevis의 초기 배 발생에 미치는 독성 영향

  • Lee, You-Hwa (Department of Biology, Changwon National University) ;
  • Yoon, Chun-Sik (Department of Biology, Changwon National University) ;
  • Lee, Mi-Ju (Department of Biology, Changwon National University) ;
  • Hwang, Yong-Gi (Department of Biology, Changwon National University) ;
  • Cheong, Seon-Woo (Department of Biology, Changwon National University)
  • Received : 2011.04.07
  • Accepted : 2011.08.17
  • Published : 2011.10.31
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Abstract

We investigated the toxic effects of difenoconazole on the development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. To test the toxic effects, frog embryo teratogenesis assays using Xenopus were performed. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of difenoconazole (0-30 ${\mu}M$). $LC_{100}$ for difenoconazole was 30 ${\mu}M$, and the $LC_{50}$ determined by probit analysis was 27.19 ${\mu}M$. Exposure to difenoconazole concentrations ${\geq}$5 ${\mu}M$ resulted in 10 different types of severe external malformation. Histological examinations revealed dysplasia of the eye, heart, liver, somatic muscle, and swelling of the pronephric ducts. The tissue-specific toxic effects were investigated with an animal cap assay. Blood cells were normally induced at a high frequency by mSCF and activin A. However, the induction of blood cells was strongly inhibited by the addition of difenoconazole. Electron micrographs of tested embryos showed the degeneration of somatic muscle and the shrinkage of microvilli on pronephric duct. The gene expression of cultivated animal cap explants was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It revealed that the expression of the blood-specific marker(${\beta}$-globin II) and muscle-specific marker (XMA) were more strongly inhibited than the neural-specific marker(XEn2) by the addition of difenoconazole.

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References

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