Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Management of Radiation Injuries by Panax ginseng Extract

  • Verma, Preeti (Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan) ;
  • Jahan, Swafiya (Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan) ;
  • Kim, Tae-Hawn (Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kyungpook National University College of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • Goyal, Pradeep Kumar (Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan)
  • Received : 2010.10.18
  • Accepted : 2011.01.11
  • Published : 2011.09.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Chemical radiation protection is an important strategy to protect living beings against the deleterious effects of radiation. In the present study, the radioprotective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Panax ginseng extract (PGR-HAE) was studied on radiation-induced deleterious alterations in Swiss albino mice. Oral administration of such extract (25 mg/kg b wt/day/animal) for 5 consecutive days, half an h. before whole-body exposure to 6 Gy gamma radiation, enhanced the 30 days survival and also inhibited the radiogenic sickness, weight loss and life shortening. PGR-HAE ameliorated radiation induced depletion in blood constituents at different necropsy intervals between 12 h to 30 d, and significantly increased the number of femoral spleen colony forming units that survived after irradiation. Furthermore, it checked depletion of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) as well as elevation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in blood and liver. The significant reduction in the yield of LPO demonstrates that PGR-HAE protects the membranes against radiation-induced oxidative damage. These findings conclude that such plant extract provides significant radioprotection, and it may be potentially valuable in the prevention of injuries caused during planned and unplanned radiation exposure.

Keywords

References

  1. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:7915-7922. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
  2. LaVerne JA. OH radicals and oxidizing products in the gamma radiolysis of water. Radiat Res 2000;153:196- 200. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0196:ORAOPI]2.0.CO;2
  3. Song JY, Han SK, Bae KG, Lim DS, Son SJ, Jung IS, Yi SY, Yun YS. Radioprotective effects of ginsan, an immunomodulator. Radiat Res 2003;159:768-774. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0768:REOGAI]2.0.CO;2
  4. Arora R, Gupta D, Chawla R, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, Prasad J, Singh S, Samanta N, Sharma RK. Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects. Phytother Res 2005;19:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1605
  5. Sankaranarayanan K. Ionizing radiation and genetic risks. X. The potential "disease phenotypes" of radiationinduced genetic damage in humans: perspectives from human molecular biology and radiation genetics. Mutat Res 1999;429:45-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00100-1
  6. Rades D, Fehlauer F, Bajrovic A, Mahlmann B, Richter E, Alberti W. Serious adverse effects of amifostine during radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2004;70:261-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2003.10.005
  7. Weiss JF, Landauer MR. Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals. Toxicology 2003;189:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00149-5
  8. Landauer MR, Davis HD, Kumar KS, Weiss JF. Behavioral toxicity of selected radioprotectors. Adv Space Res 1992;12:273-283.
  9. Landauer MR, Castro CA, Benson KA, Hogan JB, Weiss JF. Radioprotective and locomotor responses of mice treated with nimodipine alone and in combination with WR-151327. J Appl Toxicol 2001;21:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.728
  10. Kitts DD, Wijewickreme AN, Hu C. Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Mol Cell Biochem 2000;203:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007078414639
  11. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Public Health Nutr 2000;3:473-485.
  12. Adler SR, Fosket JR. Disclosing complementary and alternative medicine use in the medical encounter: a qualitative study in women with breast cancer. J Fam Pract 1999;48:453-458.
  13. Brown JK, Byers T, Doyle C, Coumeya KS, Demark- Wahnefried W, Kushi LH, McTieman A, Rock CL, Aziz N, Bloch AS et al. Nutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment: an American Cancer Society guide for informed choices. CA Cancer J Clin 2003;53:268-291. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.53.5.268
  14. Jagetia GC, Baliga MS. Syzygium cumini (Jamun) reduces the radiation-induced DNA damage in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a preliminary study. Toxicol Lett 2002;132:19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00032-2
  15. Song JY, Han SK, Son EH, Pyo SN, Yun YS, Yi SY. Induction of secretory and tumoricidal activities in peritoneal macrophages by ginsan. Int Immunopharmacol 2002;2:857-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00211-9
  16. Ben-Hur E, Fulder S. Effect of Panax ginseng saponins and Eleutherococcus senticosus on survival of cultured mammalian cells after ionizing radiation. Am J Chin Med 1981;9:48-56. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X8100007X
  17. Zhang JS, Sigdestad CP, Gemmell MA, Grdina DJ. Modification of radiation response in mice by fractionated extracts of Panax ginseng. Radiat Res 1987;112:156-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/3577086
  18. Devi PU, Ganasoundari A. Radioprotective effect of leaf extract of Indian medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum. Indian J Exp Biol 1995;33:205-208.
  19. Rao AV, Devi PU, Kamath R. In vivo radioprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves. Indian J Exp Biol 2001;39:858-863.
  20. Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P. Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2005;46:59-65. https://doi.org/10.1269/jrr.46.59
  21. Ganasoundari A, Devi PU, Rao MN. Protection against radiation-induced chromosome damage in mouse bone marrow by Ocimum sanctum. Mutat Res 1997;373:271- 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(96)00208-4
  22. Yun TK, Choi SY, Yun HY. Epidemiological study on cancer prevention by ginseng: are all kinds of cancers preventable by ginseng? J Korean Med Sci 2001;16 Suppl:S19-S27. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S19
  23. Joo SS, Won TJ, Lee DI. Reciprocal activity of ginsenosides in the production of proinflammatory repertoire, and their potential roles in neuroprotection in vivo. Planta Med 2005;71:476-481. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-864145
  24. Jung CH, Seog HM, Choi IW, Choi HD, Cho HY. Effects of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves on lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;98:245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.12.030
  25. Till JE, McCulloch EA. Early repair processes in marrow cells irradiated and proliferating in vivo. Radiat Res 1963;18:96-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/3571429
  26. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
  27. Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B. Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;582:67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7
  28. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 1963;61:882-888.
  29. Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 1974;47:469-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
  30. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984;105: 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
  31. Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione Stransferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-7139.
  32. Bourke GJ, Daly LE, McGilvary J. Interpretation and uses of medical statistics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.
  33. Modulation of radiosensitivity by certain plants and plant products. In: Trivedi PC, Sharma N, eds. Ethnomedicinal plants. Jaipur, India: Pointer Publishers, 2004. p.226-239.
  34. Jindal A, Soyal D, Sancheti G, Goyal PK. Radioprotective potential of Rosemarinus officinalis against lethal effects of gamma radiation: a preliminary study. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2006;25:633-642. https://doi.org/10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v25.i4.30
  35. Sancheti G, Goyal PK. Prevention of radiation induced hematological alterations by medicinal plant Rosmarinus officinalis, in mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2006;4:165-172.
  36. Daga SS, Jain VK, Goyal PK. Radioprotective effect of Liv. 52 (a herbal preparation) against radiation induced hematological changes in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 1995;65:289-293.
  37. Goel HC, Prasad J, Sharma AK. Protective effect of podophyllum against radiation damage. Adv Radiat Biol Peace 1999;27-33.
  38. Uma Devi P, Ganasoundari A, Vrinda B, Srinivasan KK, Unnikrishnan MK. Radiation protection by the ocimum flavonoids orientin and vicenin: mechanisms of action. Radiat Res 2000;154:455-460. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2000)154[0455:RPBTOF]2.0.CO;2
  39. Samarth RM, Goyal PK, Kumar A. Modulation of serum phosphatases activity in Swiss albino mice against gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita Linn. Phytother Res 2002;16:586-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.984
  40. Jagetia GC, Baliga MS. Polyherbal extract of septilin protects mice against whole body lethal dose of gamma radiation. Phytother Res 2004;18:619-623. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1508
  41. Singh I, Sharma A, Nunia V, Goyal PK. Radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by Emblica officinalis. Phytother Res 2005;19:444-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1600
  42. Chen YM, Lin SL, Chiang WC, Wu KD, Tsai TJ. Pentoxifylline ameliorates proteinuria through suppression of renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with proteinuric primary glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2006;69:1410-1415. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000302
  43. Nubel T, Damrot J, Roos WP, Kaina B, Fritz G. Lovastatin protects human endothelial cells from killing by ionizing radiation without impairing induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(3 Pt 1):933-939. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1903
  44. Brook I, Elliott TB. Quinolone therapy in the prevention of mortality after irradiation. Radiat Res 1991;128:100- 103. https://doi.org/10.2307/3578072
  45. Samarth RM, Panwar M, Kumar M, Kumar A. Radioprotective influence of Mentha piperita (Linn) against gamma irradiation in mice: antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:331-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553000600771523
  46. Nunia V, Goyal PK. Prevention of gamma radiation induced anaemia in mice by diltiazem. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2004;45:11-17. https://doi.org/10.1269/jrr.45.11
  47. Nunia V, Sancheti G, Goyal PK. Protection of Swiss albino mice against whole-body gamma irradiation by diltiazem. Br J Radiol 2007;80:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/41714035
  48. Gridley DS, Pecaut MJ, Miller GM, Moyers MF, Nelson GA. Dose and dose rate effects of whole-body gammairradiation: II. Hematological variables and cytokines. In Vivo 2001;15:209-216.
  49. Tawfik SS. Efficiency of taurine usage as treatment for exposure to ionizing radiation [dissertation]. Cairo, Egypt: Institute of Environmental Studies and Researches, Ain Shams University, 2003.
  50. Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation: a micronucleus study. Mutagenesis 2003;18:387-393. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geg011
  51. Kim HJ, Kim MH, Byon YY, Park JW, Jee Y, Joo HG. Radioprotective effects of an acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng on bone marrow cells. J Vet Sci 2007;8:39-44. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2007.8.1.39
  52. Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P. Inhibition of radiation-induced clastogenicity by Aegle marmelos (L.) correa in mice bone marrow exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007;26:111-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327107071867
  53. Samarth RM, Goyal PK, Kumar A. Modulatory effect of Mentha piperita (Linn.) on serum phosphatases activity in Swiss albino mice against gamma irradiation. Indian J Exp Biol 2001;39:479-482.
  54. Yadav R, Jindal A, Goyal PK. Protective action of diltiazem against cadmium induced biochemical changes in the brain of Swiss albino mice. Ann Neurosci 2005;12:37-40. https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2005.120302
  55. Acharya S, Sancheti G, Goyal PK. Role of rosemary leaves extract against radiation-induced hematological and biochemical alterations in mice. Nucl Technol Radiat Prot 2008;23:72-78. https://doi.org/10.2298/NTRP0802072A
  56. Daga SS. Haematological response against the combined use of mercury and radiation in mice and its alteration by Liv. 52 [dissertation]. Jaipur, India: University of Rajasthan, 1996.
  57. Park JE, Yang JH, Yoon SJ, Lee JH, Yang ES, Park JW. Lipid peroxidation-mediated cytotoxicity and DNA damage in U937 cells. Biochimie 2002;84:1199-1205.
  58. Neal R, Matthews RH, Lutz P, Ercal N. Antioxidant role of N-acetyl cysteine isomers following high dose irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34:689-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01372-2
  59. Marnett LJ. Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology 2002;181-182:219-222.
  60. Bartsch H, Nair J. Potential role of lipid peroxidation derived DNA damage in human colon carcinogenesis: studies on exocyclic base adducts as stable oxidative stress markers. Cancer Detect Prev 2002;26:308-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-090X(02)00093-4
  61. Purohit SC, Bisby RH, Cundall RB. Structural modification of human erythrocyte membranes following gammairradiation. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 1980;38:147-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553008014551041
  62. Walden TC, Hughes HN, eds. Prostaglandin and lipid metabolism in radiation injury. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.
  63. Cerutti PA, Nygaard OF, Simic MG, eds. Anticarcinogenesis and radiation protection. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.
  64. Baliga MS, Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Reddy R, Ulloor JN. Radioprotective effect of abana, a polyherbal drug following total body irradiation. Br J Radiol 2004;77:1027- 1035. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/83720350
  65. Nayak V, Devi PU. Protection of mouse bone marrow against radiation-induced chromosome damage and stem cell death by the Ocimum Flavonoids Orientin and vicenin. Radiat Res 2005;163:165-171. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR3263
  66. Zhang D, Yasuda T, Yu Y, Zheng P, Kawabata T, Ma Y, Okada S. Ginseng extract scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects unsaturated fatty acids from decomposition caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;20:145-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02020-9
  67. Kumar M, Samarth R, Kumar M, Selvan SR, Saharan B, Kumar A. Protective effect of Adhatoda vascia nees against radiation-induced damage at cellular, biochemical and chromosomal levels in Swiss albino mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007;4:343-350. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel098
  68. Kumar M, Panwar M, Samarth R, Kumar A. Evaluation of radiomodulatory influence of Tribulus terrestris root extract against gamma radiation: hematological, biochemical and cytogenetic alterations in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacol Online 2009;1:1214-1228.

Cited by

  1. Extract vol.29, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5223
  2. Ginseng for Liver Injury: Friend or Foe? vol.3, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040033
  3. extract against radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury vol.41, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0136
  4. Protective Effects of New Herbal Composition (MH-30) against Radiation Injuries in Hematopoietic and Self-Renewal Tissues vol.45, pp.7, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.7.948
  5. Effects of traditional oriental medicines as anti-cytotoxic agents in radiotherapy vol.13, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6042
  6. Protective Effect of Ginseng on Salivary Dysfunction Following Radioiodine Therapy in a Mouse Model vol.28, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0379
  7. Aloe veramodulates X-ray induced hematological and splenic tissue damage in mice vol.38, pp.10, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327119860174