참고문헌
- Andersen, H.V., Hovmand, M.F., Hummelshoj, P., Jensen, N.O. (1999) Measurements of ammonia concentrations, fluxes and dry deposition velocities to a spruce forest 1991-1995. Atmospheric Environment 33, 1367-1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00363-X
- Anlauf, K.G., Fellin, P., Wiebe, H.A., Schiff, H.I., Mackay, G.I., Braman, R.S., Gilbert, R. (1985) A comparison of three methods for measurement of atmospheric nitric acid and aerosol nitrate and ammonium. Atmospheric Environment 19, 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90100-3
- Bardouki, H., Liakakou, H., Economou, C., Sciare, J., Smolik, J., Zdimal, V., Eleftheriadis, K., Lazaridis, M., Dye, C., Mihalopoulos, N. (2003) Chemical composition of size-resolved atmospheric aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean during summer and winter. Atmospheric Environment 37, 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00859-2
- Bouwman, A.F., van Vuuren, D.P., Derwent, R.G., Posch, M. (2002) A global analysis of acidification and eutrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 141, 349-382. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021398008726
- Businger, J.A. (1986) Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry deposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25, 1100-1124. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1100:EOTAWW>2.0.CO;2
- EMEP (2001) EMEP manual for sampling and chemical analysis. EMEP/CCC-Report 1/95. Available from: http://www.emep.int/.
- Erisman, J.W., Draaijers, G.P.J. (1995) Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication, Studies in Environmental Science 63, Elsevier, 55-75.
- Erisman, J.W., Draaijers, G., Duyzer, J., Hofshreuder, P., van Leeuwen, N.F.M., Romer, F., Ruijgrok, W., Wyers, P., Gallagher, M. (1997) Particle deposition to forestssummary of results and application. Atmospheric Environment 31, 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00223-3
- Erisman, J.W., Schaap, M. (2004) The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe. Environmental Pollution 129, 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.042
- Galloway, J.N., Dentener, F.J., Capone, D.G., Boyer, E.W., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Asner, G.P., Cleveland, C.C., Green, P.A., Holland, E.A., Karl, D.M., Michaels, A.F., Porter, J.H., Townsend, A.R., Vörösmarty, C.J. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70, 153-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0
- Garland, J.A. (2001) On the size dependence of particulate deposition. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 1, 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013183911748
- Hayashi, K., Komada, M., Miyata, A. (2007) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in central Japan: Comparison of the contribution of wet and dry deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 7, 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-006-9096-4
- Hayashi, K., Koga, N., Yanai, Y. (2009b) Effects of fieldapplied composted cattle manure and chemical fertilizer on ammonia and particulate ammonium exchanges at an upland field. Atmospheric Environment 43, 5702-5707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.043
- Hayashi, K., Nishimura, S., Yagi, K. (2008) Ammonia volatilization from a paddy field following applications of urea: Rice plants are both an absorber and an emitter for atmospheric ammonia. Science of the Total Environment 390, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.037
- Hayashi, K., Takagi, K., Noguchi, I., Fukuzawa, K., Takahashi, H., Fukazawa, T., Shibata, H., Fujinuma, Y. (2009a) Ammoniacal nitrogen emission from a young larch ecosystem afforested after clear-cutting of a pristine forest in northernmost Japan. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 200, 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9891-9
- Hayashi, K., Yan, X.Y. (2010) Airborne nitrogen load in Japanese and Chinese agroecosystems. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 56, 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00423.x
- Horvath, L. (2003) Dry deposition velocity of PM2.5 ammonium sulfate particles to a Norway spruce forest on the basis of S- and N-balance estimations. Atmospheric Environment 37, 4419-4424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00584-3
- Ikeda, H., Yasuike, S., Kobayashi, T., Nakaya, K., Suzuki, C. (2004) Carbon stock and chemistry in deciduous forest-soil system. CRIEPI Research Report, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan, U03069, 19p (in Japanese with English abstract).
- IPCC (2007) The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Keck, L., Wittmaack, K. (2005) Effect of filter type and temperature on volatilization losses from ammonium salts in aerosol matter. Atmospheric Environment 39, 4093-4100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.029
- Langford, A.O., Fehsenfeld, F.C. (1992) Natural vegetation as a source or sink for atmospheric ammonia: a case study. Science 25, 581-583.
- Langford, A.O., Fehsenfeld, F.C., Zachariassen, J., Schimel, D.S. (1992) Gaseous ammonia fluxes and background concentrations in terrestrial ecosystems of the United States. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6, 459-483. https://doi.org/10.1029/92GB02123
- Matson, P., Lohse, K.A., Hall, S.J. (2002) The globalization of nitrogen deposition: Consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio 31, 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.113
- Matsuda, K., Fujimura, Y., Hayashi, K., Takahashi, A., Nakaya, K. (2010) Deposition velocity of PM2.5 sulfate in the summer above a deciduous forest in central Japan. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4582-4587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.015
- Miyata, A. (2001) Observational study on methane exchange between wetland ecosystems and the atmosphere. Bulletin of National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 19, 61-183. Available from: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html.
- Nakaya, K. (2008) Study of improvement on evaluation method of energy and mass exchange between atmosphere and forest ecosystem. Memories of the Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University 29, 149-213 (in Japanese with English abstract)
- Neirynck, J., Ceulemans, R. (2008) Bidirectional ammonia exchange above a mixed coniferous forest. Environmental Pollution 154, 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.11.030
-
Nemitz, E., Sutton, M.A. (2004) Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the
$NH_3-HNO_3-NH_4NO_3$ equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1025-1045. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1025-2004 - Nemitz, E., Sutton, M.A., Wyers, G.P., Otjes, R.P., Mennen, M.G., van Putten, E.M., Gallagher, M.W. (2004) Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: II. Concentrations and surface exchange fluxes of atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1007-1024. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1007-2004
- Neuberger, M., Schimek, M.G., Horak, Jr. F., Moshammer, H., Kundi, M., Frischer, T., Gomiscek, B., Puxbaum, H., Hauck, H., AUPHEP-Team (2004) Acute effects of particulate matter on respiratory diseases, symptoms and functions: epidemiological results of the Austrian project on health effects of particulate matter (AUPHEP). Atmospheric Environment 38, 3971-3981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.044
- Niemi, J.V., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Tervahattu, H., Hillamo, R., Westphal, D.L., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Makkonen, U., Vehkamaki, H., Kulmala, M. (2009) Long-range transport episodes of fine particles in southern Finland during 1999-2007. Atmospheric Environment 43, 1255-1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.022
- Pryor, S.C., Barthelmie, R.J., Sorensen, L.L., Jensen, B. (2001) Ammonia concentrations and fluxes over a forest in the midwestern USA. Atmospheric Environment 35, 5645-5656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00259-X
- Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Murayama, S., Kondo, H., Nishimura, N. (2002) Gross primary production and net ecosystem exchange of a cool-temperate deciduous forest estimated by the eddy covariance method. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 112, 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00082-5
- Sickles II, J.E., Hodson, L.L., Vorburger, L.M. (1999) Evaluation of the filter pack for long-duration sampling of ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 33, 2187-2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00425-7
- van Oss, R., Duyzer, J.H., Wyers, P. (1998) The influence of gas-to-particle conversion on measurements of ammonia exchange over forest. Atmospheric Environment 32, 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00280-X
- Wyers, G.P., Duyzer, J.H. (1997) Micrometeorological measurement of the dry deposition flux of sulphate and nitrate aerosols to coniferous forest. Atmospheric Environment 31, 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00188-4
- Wyers, G.P., Erisman, J.W. (1998) Ammonia exchange over coniferous forest. Atmospheric Environment 32, 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00275-6
- Wyers, G.P., Vermeulen, A.T., Slanina, J. (1992) Measurement of dry deposition of ammonia on a forest. Environmental Pollution 75, 25-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(92)90052-C
- Zimmermann, F., Plessow, K., Queck, R., Bernhofer, C., Matschullat, J. (2006) Atmospheric N- and S-fluxes to a spruce forest: Comparison of inferential modelling and the throughfall method. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4782-4796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.056
피인용 문헌
- Atmosphere-rice paddy exchanges of inorganic particles and relevant gases during a week in winter and a week in summer vol.68, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.68.1.8
- Characteristics of Atmosphere-rice Paddy Exchange of Gaseous and Particulate Reactive Nitrogen in Terms of Nitrogen Input to a Single-cropping Rice Paddy Area in Central Japan vol.11, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2017.11.3.202