Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회지)

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Filter-based Correction for Positive Sampling Artifacts in the Determination of Ambient Organic Carbon

여과지를 이용한 유기탄소의 측정 오차 보정

  • Kang, Byung-Wook (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Yeon, Ik-Jun (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Cho, Byung-Yeol (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Park, Sang-Chan (Division of Environmental Engineering, Chungju National University) ;
  • Lee, Hak-Sung (Department of Environmental, Civil and Information System, Seowon University) ;
  • Jeon, Jun-Min (Green Jeonnam Environmental Complex Center, Suncheon First College) ;
  • Na, Kwang-Sam (California Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency)
  • 강병욱 (충주대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 연익준 (충주대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 조병렬 (충주대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 박상찬 (충주대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 이학성 (서원대학교 환경건설정보학과,) ;
  • 전준민 (순천제일대학 그린전남환경종합센터) ;
  • 나광삼 (캘리포니아 환경부 대기자원국)
  • Received : 2010.08.12
  • Accepted : 2010.12.21
  • Published : 2011.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study describes the impact of positive sampling artifact caused by a filter-based sampling in the determination of ambient organic carbon (OC). Three different sampling media combinations were employed for this investigation: (1) Quartz filter-alone (Q-alone), (2) quartz filter behind quartz-fiber filter (QBQ), and (3) quartz filter and quartz filter behind Teflon filter (Q-QBT). The measurement of ambient OC was carried out at a semi-urban site near oceanside at the end of November of 2008. It was found that Q-alone sampling configuration resulted in a higher OC than QBQ and Q-QBT by 14% and 28%, respectively due to no correction for positive artifact caused by adsorption of gas-phase OC onto the filter. A lower quantity of OC was collected from the backup quartz filter on QBQ than that from Q-QBT. A possible explanation is that the front quartz filter of QBQ was not fully saturated with gas-phase OC during the sampling period, allowing smaller amount of gas-phase OC to reach the backup quartz filter. The contribution of positive artifact to $PM_{2.5}$ mass was approximately 2.15 ${\mu}g/m^3$ which is equivalent to 6% in terms of Q-QBT sampling configuration. The positive artifact was found to be more dominated during summer than during winter, showing temperature dependence. It was concluded that Q-QBT sampling configuration offers less impact of positive artifact on ambient OC sampling than QBQ in quantification of OC.

Keywords

References

  1. Buonanno, G., G.L. Morawska, and L. Stabile (2009) Particle emission factors during cooking activities, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3235-3242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.044
  2. Conner, W.D., R.L. Bennett, W.S. Weathers, and W.E. Wilson (1991) Particulate characteristics and visual effects of the atmosphere at Research Triangle Park, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 41(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466832
  3. Dockery, D.W., J. Cunningham, A.I. Damokosh, L.M. Neas, J.D. Spengler, P. Koutakis, J.H. Ware, M. Raizenne, and F.E. Speizer (1996) Health effects of acid aerosols on North America children: Respiratory symptoms, Environ. Health Perspectives, 104(5), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104500
  4. Hays, M.D., P.M. Fine, C.D. Geron, M.J. Kleeman, and B.K. Gullett (2005) Open burning of agricultural biomass: physical and chemical properties of particle-phase emissions, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6747-6764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.072
  5. Hildemann, L.M., G.R. Markowski, and G.R. Cass (1991) Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 744-759. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00016a021
  6. Jung, J.H., S.-R. Kim, B.-R. Choi, K.-S. Kim, J.-B. Huh, S.-M. Yi, and Y.-J. Han (2009) A study on the characteristics of carbonaceous compounds in PM2.5 measured in chuncheon and Seoul, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 25(2), 141-153. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2009.25.2.141
  7. Kang, C.-M., B.-W. Kang, and H.S. Lee (2006) Source identification and trends in concentrations of gaseous and fine particulate principal species in Seoul, South Korea, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 911-921. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464506
  8. Kim, B.M., S. Teffera, and M.D. Zeldin (2000) Characterization of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the south coast air basin of Southern California: Part I-spatial variations, J. of Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 50, 2034-2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464242
  9. Kirchstetter, T.W., C.E. Corrigan, and T. Novakov (2001) Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters, Atmos. Environ., 35(9), 1663-1671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00448-9
  10. Klaassen, C.D. (1996) Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  11. Kroll, J.H. and J.H. Seinfeld (2008) Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: formation and evolution of lowvolatility organics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3593-3624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003
  12. McDow, S.R. and J.J. Hutzicker (1990) Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol-face velocity effects, Atmos. Environ., Part A 24(10), 2563-2571. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90134-9
  13. Na, K. and D.R. Cocker (2008) Fine organic particle, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde concentrations under and after the influence of fire activity in the atmosphere of Riverside, California, Enviorn. Res., 108, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.04.004
  14. Na, K., C. Song, C. Switzer, and D.R. Cocker III (2007) Effect of ammonia on secondary organic aerosol formation from ${\alpha}-pinene$ ozonolysis in dry and humid conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(17), 6096-6102. https://doi.org/10.1021/es061956y
  15. Na, K. and D.R. Cocker III (2005) Organic and elemental carbon concentrations in fine particulate matter in residences, schoolrooms, and outdoor air in Mira Loma, California, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3325-3333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.054
  16. Na, K., A.A. Sawant, C. Song, and D.R. Cocker III (2004) Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in the atmosphere of Western Riverside County, California, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1345-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.023
  17. Olson, D.A. and G.A. Norris (2005) Sampling artifacts in measurement of elemental and organic carbon: Lowvolume sampling in indoor and outdoor environments, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5437-5445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.040
  18. Park, J.S. and S.D. Kim (2005) The characteristics of secondary carbonaceous species within $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoul and Incheon Area, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 21(1), 131-140. (in Korean with English abstract)
  19. Park, S.S., J.Y. Hur, S.Y. Cho, S.J. Kim, and Y.J. Kim (2007) Characteristics of organic carbon species in atmospheric aerosol particles at a Gwangju area during Summer and Winter, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 23(6), 675-688. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2007.23.6.675
  20. Park, S.S., M.S. Bae, J.J. Schauer, S.Y. Ryu, Y.J. Kim, Y.C. Sung, and J.K. Seung (2005) Evaluation of the TMO and TOT methods for OC and EC measurements and their characteristics in $PM_{2.5}$ at an urban site of Korea during ACE-Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5101-5112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.016
  21. Park, S.S., Y.J. Kim, and K. Fung (2002) PM2.5 carbon measurements in two urban areas: Seoul and Kwangju, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1287-1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00552-0
  22. Pitts, J.N. (1983) Formation and fate of gaseous and particulate mutagens and carcinogens in real and simulated atmospheres, Environ. Health Perspect., 47, 115-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/3429504
  23. Pratsinis, S., T. Novakov, E.C. Ellis, and S.K. Friedlander (1984) The carbon containing component of the Los Angeles aerosol: source apportionment and contributions to the visibility budget, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 34, 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1984.10465792
  24. Seinfeld, J.H. and S.N. Pandis (1998) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, U.S.A., 700pp.
  25. Shah, S.D., D.R. Cocker, J.W. Miller, and J.M. Norbeck (2004) Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2544-2550. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0350583
  26. Spengler, J.D., M. Brauer, and P. Koutrakis (1990) Acid air and health, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24(7), 946-956. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00077a002
  27. Subramanian, R., A.Y. Khlystov, J.C. Cabada, and A.L. Robinson (2004) Positive and negative artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements with denuded and undenuded sampler configurations, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820490247605
  28. Turpin, B.J., J.J. Huntzicker, and S.V. Hering (1994) Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles Basin, Atmos. Environ., 28(19), 3061-3071. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00133-6