Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate and Oral N-acetylcysteine for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

중탄산염 수액요법과 N-acetylcysteine의 조영제 신독성 예방효과

  • Koo, Tai-Yeon (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jee-Hyun (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Je (Dongeuisung Danwon Hospital) ;
  • Shin, Jin-Ho (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Kyung-Soo (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Choi, Bo-Youl (Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Joon-Sung (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Chang-Hwa (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kang, Chong-Myung (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Gheun-Ho (Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine)
  • 구태연 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김지현 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이제 (동의성 단원병원) ;
  • 신진호 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김경수 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 최보율 (한양대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실) ;
  • 박준성 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이창화 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 강종명 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김근호 (한양대학교 의과대학 내과학교실)
  • Published : 2011.05.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: The value of hydration with sodium bicarbonate and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the prevention ofradiocontrast-induced nephropathy is questionable. This study investigated whether sodium bicarbonate hydration with or withoutNAC has a more protective role in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy than saline hydration with or without NAC.Methods: We prospectively studied 100 patients with significant proteinuria (${\geq}500$ mg/d), azotemia (serum creatinine ${\geq}1.5$mg/dL), or diabetes mellitus who were undergoing coronary angiography using iodixanol, a nonionic iso-osmolar contrast agent.Patients were assigned randomly to receive saline infusion (S, n = 24), saline infusion plus NAC (S + NAC, n = 20), sodiumbicarbonate infusion (B, n = 25), and sodium bicarbonate plus NAC (B + NAC, n = 31). Contrast-induced nephropathy was definedas an increase of 25% or more in the serum creatinine within 48 hours of contrast exposure.Results: There were no significant group differences in age, sex, and basal serum creatinine. Contrast-induced nephropathyoccurred in 20 patients (20%) and its incidence was not significantly different among the groups; four from group S, five fromgroup S + NAC, five from group B, and six from group B + NAC. The incidences were not significantly different when comparedbetween S and B, irrespective of the use of NAC (21 vs. 20%), and when compared according to the presence of pre-existingazotemia (19 vs. 20%).Conclusions: The efficacy of sodium bicarbonate hydration in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy seems comparableto that of saline hydration, and it was not improved by the addition of NAC.

목적: 조영제 신독성의 표준 예방법은 식염수(NaCl) 수액 요법이지만, 최근 중탄산염 ($NaHCO_3$) 수액요법의 우월성이 보고된 바 있다. 그러나 이에 대한 논란이 있고, N-acetylcysteine (NAC)의 예방효과에 대해서도 분명하게 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구는 중탄산염 단독주입 혹은 NAC와 병합투여가 기존의 식염수 수액요법에 비해 조영제 신독성 예방에 더 효과적인지 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 예정된 관상동맥조영술을 시행 받는 환자 중 단백뇨, 질소혈증 혹은 당뇨병이 동반된 경우를 대상으로 식염수 투여군, 식염수 + NAC 투여군, 중탄산염 투여군 및 중탄산염+ NAC 투여군으로 무작위 배정하였다. 식염수와 중탄산염 용액은 각각 80 mEq/L 농도로 사용하였고, 조영제 노출 12시간 전부터 조영제 노출 12시간 후까지 투여하였다. 사용한 조영제는 등장성 제제인 Iodixanol였고, 조영제 노출 후 48시간 동안 혈청 크레아티닌 농도가 25% 이상 상승한 경우를 조영제 신독성으로 정의하였다. 결과: 환자는 모두 100명(남자 57명, 여자 43명)이었고, 그 중 97명이 당뇨병 환자였으며, 16명에서 조영제 노출 전에 질소혈증이 있었다. 식염수 투여군 24명, 식염수 + NAC 투여군 20명, 중탄산염 투여군 25명 및 중탄산염 + NAC 투여군 31명이었고, 4군의 기저 혈청 크레아티닌은 각각 $0.96 {\pm} 0.35$ (평균 ${\pm}$ 표준편차) mg/dL, $1.28 {\pm} 0.68$ mg/dL, $1.00 {\pm} 0.29$ mg/dL, $1.18 {\pm} 0.68$ mg/dL로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 조영제 노출 후 48시간 동안 발생한 신독성은 4군에서 각각 4명, 5명, 5명, 6명으로 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, NAC 사용여부에 관계없이 식염수 주입군과 중탄산염 주입군을 비교할 때도 각각 9명, 11명으로서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 기저 혈청 크레아티닌이 높았던($2.11 {\pm} 0.63$ mg/dL) 16명 중 3명(19%)에서 신독성이 발생하였고, 기저 혈청 크레아티닌이 정상이었던 ($0.91 {\pm} 0.21$mg/dL) 84명 중 17명(20%)에서 신독성이 발생하여 경도의 질소혈증 여부에 따른 조영제 신독성 빈도 역시 차이가 없었다. 결론: 중탄산염 수액요법은 식염수 수액요법과 유사한 수준의 조영제 신독성 예방효과를 갖는 것으로 생각된다. 등장성 조영제를 사용할 경우 신독성의 위험도는 기존의 질소혈증여부에 의해 별로 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 보인다.

Keywords

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