Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

사람면역결핍바이러스 감염 환자의 폐동맥 고혈압 발생빈도 및 임상양상

  • Kim, Mi-Hyun (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Chang, Hyuk-Jae (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Yang, Young-June (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Hong, Ji-Young (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kang, Min-Kyoung (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Yang, Woo-In (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Shim, Chi-Young (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Ha, Jong-Won (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Chung, Nam-Sik (Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Shin, So-Youn (Divisions of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Han, Sang-Hoon (Divisions of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Choi, Jun-Yong (Divisions of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, June-Myoung (Divisions of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
  • 김미현 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 장혁재 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 양영준 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 홍지영 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 강민경 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 양우인 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 심지영 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 하종원 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 정남식 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 심장내과) ;
  • 신소연 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 감염내과) ;
  • 한상훈 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 감염내과) ;
  • 최준용 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 감염내과) ;
  • 김준명 (연세대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 감염내과)
  • Published : 2011.12.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a complication of HIV infection. Due to improvements in HIV survival rates following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-PAH has become an important cause of HIV-related morbidity. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-PAH. Methods: Ninety-two patients were enrolled in the study from March to August 2010. We investigated clinical characteristics and performed echocardiography. HIV-PAH was defined as having a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ${\geq}$ 25 mmHg based on Mahan's equation, without lung disease or heart disease. The HIV-PAH-possible group was defined as having a tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) of 2.9-3.4 m/s and a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of 37-50 mmHg. Results: Fifteen patients (16.3%) met the criteria of HIV-PAH based on mPAP. With respect to TRV, six patients met the criteria of the HIV-PAH-possible group. Based on the criteria of mPAP, the duration of HIV infection was not different with or without HIV-PAH. HIV RNA titers and CD4 T cell counts tended to be higher in HIV-PAH patients (8,607 ${\pm}$ 11 vs. 1,067 ${\pm}$ 64 copies/mL, p = 0.371; 471 ${\pm}$ 148 vs. 499 ${\pm}$ 252 $cells/mm^{3}$, p = 0.680, respectively). Echocardiographic indices of the right ventricle were significantly deteriorated in the HIV-PAH group as compared with the non-HIV-PAH group (TASPE: 20.52 vs. 23.2, p = 0.001; Tei index: 0.42 vs. 0.39, p = 0.037). In a multivariate regression analysis, HIV activity factors (HIV duration, HIV RNA titer, and CD4 cell count) were not associated with echocardiographic indices of PAH (mPAP, PASP, and pulmonary vascular resistance). Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of HIV-PAH was comparable to that of previous studies.

목적: 고효율 항레트로바이러스요법의 발전으로 사람면역결핍바이러스(HIV) 감염자가 장기간 생존하게 되면서 심혈관 질환이 증가하였으며, 그중 HIV associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH)은 HIV 환자의 위중한 사망원인이 되었다. 기존의 HIV-PAH 관련 연구에서 연구방법에 따라 HIV-PAH 유병률이 차이가 났으며, 폐동맥 고혈압은 무증상 잠복기 시 진단이 어려우며 HIV 감염자의 발생빈도상 지역적 편중이 발생하는 등 기존 연구들에서 제한점이 있었다. 본 연구는 국내 HIV 환자에서 HIV-PAH의 발생빈도 및 임상양상을 조사하여 HIV-PAH의 전향적 예측모델을 설정하는 기초 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 방법: 2010년 3월부터 8월까지 세브란스병원에 내원하였던 무증상의 HIV 감염 환자들을 대상으로 심초음파 검사를 시행하였고 HIV 관련 생화학적 검사를 시행하였다. 본 연구에서 첫 번째로 정한 폐동맥 고혈압의 진단기준으로 심폐질환이 없는 무증상의 HIV 감염자에서 도플러 심초음파로 구한 mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mean PAP)이 25 mmHg 이상인 대상군을 HIV-PAH군으로 분류하였고 첫 번째 진단 기준에 덧붙여 도플러 심초음파로 구한 폐모세혈관쐐기압 (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCWP)을 토대로 HIV-PAH군(mean PAP ${\geq}$ 25 mmHg and PCWP ${\leq}$ 15 mmHg)으로도 분류하였다. 또 다른 폐동맥 고혈압 진단기준으로 유럽심장 학회에서 제시한 폐동맥 고혈압의 심초음파 진단기준에 따라 삼첨판 역류속도(tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity, TRV)와 폐동맥 수축기압(peak pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, PASP)을 이용하여 HIV-PAH unlikely (TRV ${\leq}$ 2.8 m/s, PASP ${\leq}$ 36 mmHg), HIV-PAH possible (TRV 2.9-3.4 m/s, PASP 37-50 mmHg), HIV-PAH likely (TRV > 3.4 m/s, PASP > 50 mmHg)의 세 군으로도 분류하여 분석하였다. 결과: 대상 환자 92명 중 15명(16.3%)이 이번 연구에서 지정한 HIV-PAH 첫 번째 진단기준에 부합하였으며 또 다른 HIV-PAH 진단기준으로 분류한 HIV-PAH unlikely군은 83명 (90.2%), HIV-PAH possible군은 6명(6.5%), HIV-PAH likely 군은 0명이었다. HIV-PAH군과 non HIV-PAH군 사이의 심초음파 측정치에 대한 비교에서 E/E' (p = 0.001), TRV (p = 0.005), PASP (p = 0.005), mean PAP (p = 0.000) 삼첨판륜의 수축기시 편위(tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TAPSE)(p = 0.001), Tei index (p = 0.037), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (p = 0.003)이 통계학적으로 유의하게 차이가 있었다. HIV-PAH 여부(mean PAP ${\geq}$ 25 mmHg)는 CD 4 양성 T 림프구 수나 과거 기회감염력과 HIV duration과는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 HIV-PAH의 진단기준의 변수인 mean PAP, PASP은 Pearson 단순 상관분석에 따르면 CD4 양성 림프구 수, HIV duration, HIV RNA titer와 유의한 상관관계를 보여주지 않았으나 PVR은 HIV RNA titer와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.824, p = 0.044). 한편, HIV activity 관련 인자인 HIV duration, CD4 양성 T 림프구 수, HIV RNA titer를 입력 변수로 하며 PASP, mean PAP, PVR 측정치들을 종속변수로 하는 단변량 회귀분석에서 HIV RNA titer와 PVR이 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였지만, 다변량 회귀분석에서는 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보이는 변수는 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서 HIV-PAH 유병률은 16.3%로 기존의 연구들과 상대적으로 차이가 났으며 한편 HIV activity와 HIV duration은 HIV-PAH의 발생과 중증도를 예측하지 못하였다. 따라서 HIV 감염자 중 심초음파를 이용한 조기 선별검사로 HIV 감염자의 대규모 cohort를 모집하여 HIV-PAH 예후, 생존율을 분석하며 장기간의 추적 연구를 시행하는 등 조기진단과 적절한 치료에 대한 더 많은 노력이 필요하겠다.

Keywords

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