A Case of Lead Poisoning by Ingesting Herbal Pills Tainted by Lead during the Manufacturing Process

제조공정상 납 혼입이 의심되는 환을 복용하여 발생한 납중독 1예

  • Shin, Young-Hoo (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Son, Jun-Seok (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Kim, Young-Wook (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Chae, Chang-Ho (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Kim, Ja-Hyeon (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Kim, Chan-Woo (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Lee, Jun-Ho (Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 신영후 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 손준석 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김영욱 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 채창호 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김자현 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김찬우 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 이준호 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성창원병원 산업의학과)
  • Received : 2010.07.19
  • Accepted : 2010.08.19
  • Published : 2010.09.30

Abstract

Background: This is a case report of lead poisoning after herbal pill ingestion. We report this case here as a reminder that contamination during the manufacturing process is an important issue regarding herbal pills. Case Report: A 37-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain caused by cholecystitis. He was transferred to the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on 26 December 2008, because of anemia. On follow-up examination post cholecystectomy, the patient had increasing blood lead levels. There was no specific finding in his medical history, but he had been taking herbal pills for 3 months to treat dyspepsia. We performed an analysis on the herbal pills, and determined a lead concentration of 1485 mg/kg. When he was admitted to the hospital, the patient had a blood lead level of 84.13 ${\mu}g$/dL and a zinc protoporphyrin level was 230 ${\mu}g$/dL. The patient was treated with 250 mg of Penicillamine, 4 times per day. During follow-up 3 weeks later, the patient's blood lead level had been reduced to 36.52 ${\mu}g$/dL which allowed us to take him off of Penicillamine. By 7 months follow-up, the patient's blood lead concentration had fallen from 36.52 ${\mu}g$/dL to 20.93 ${\mu}g$/dL. Conclusion: Lead poisoning was confirmed by analyzing blood lead levels and the cause was herbal pills. Upon analysis of the herbal pills, we have discovered that the herbal pills contained an amount of lead acquired during the manufacturing process, based on the high levels of this heavy metal in comparison to other metals. Private herbal pill manufacturing plants need systematic management and oversight.

배경: 혈중 납 농도가 높아지자 여러 국가에서 다양한 역학조사와 감시프로그램을 가동하여 현재 납 노출은 극적으로 감소하였으나 섭취, 특히 약재 섭취 후 납중독은 오히려 더 문제가 되고 있다. 국내에서 납중독과 관련된 보고는 많지만 납중독의 원인으로서 환의 제조공정에 대한 연구는 찾아보기 힘들었다. 이에 환 복용 후 납중독 된 환자의 환을 분석하고 환의 제조공정 분석을 통해 제조공정상의 문제가 납중독을 야기할 수 있는지 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 증례: 37세 남자환자로 복통으로 내원하여 추적 검사상 담낭염 진단되어 담낭절제술 후 경과관찰 중 빈혈과 혈중 납 증가소견 있어 본과 의뢰되었다. 과거력상 특이 소견 없었으며 소화불량을 치료하기 위해 시장에서 구입하여 약 3개월 동안 환을 복용하였다. 문진에서 특이소견 없었다. 2008년 12월 26일 검사 시 혈색소 12.4 g/dl, 적혈구 용적률 38.1%, 징크 프로토포르피린 230 ${\mu}g$/dl, 혈중 납 84.13 ${\mu}g$/dl 였다. 환자가 섭취한 환을 5차례 분석하였고, 평균 1485 mg/kg의 납을 함유하고 있었다. 페니실라민 250 mg으로 하루 4번, 3주간 치료하여 혈중 납은 57.34 ${\mu}g$/dl, 요중 납 106 ${\mu}g$/L, 징크 프로토포르피린 201 ${\mu}g$/dl였으며, 미각이상 호소하여 복용 중단 후 본원 이비인후과 의뢰하였으나 특이소견 없었으며 환자 증상 호전되어 페니실라민 복용 재개하였고 한 달 후 혈중 납 36.52 ${\mu}g$/dl로 감소하여 복용 중단하였다. 7개월 뒤 혈중 납은 20.93 ${\mu}g$/dl로 감소하였으며 환자 호소하는 증상은 없었다. 결론: 과거력과 임상소견, 실험실 분석을 통하여 본례의 납중독의 원인이 환복용으로 인한 것으로 판단하였다. 저자들은 환의 분석을 통해 환에 다량의 납이 함유된 것을 확인하였다. 환에 납이 포함된 경우는 원재료의 문제와 제조 과정상의 문제로 나누어 생각할 수 있으나, 식약청의 발표 자료나 여러 문헌 고찰을 통해 살펴보았을 때 원재료의 납으로 인한 납중독의 가능성은 떨어진다. 따라서 환의 제조 과정에서 납이 첨가되었을 것이다. 향후 유사한 사례에 대한 보고를 수집 및 감시할 필요가 있으며, 표준적인 방법으로 환을 제조하지 못하는 민간의 환 제조 공장에 대한 역학조사를 비롯한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Linda R, Mark RC, Carl AB, Carrie AR. Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Enviromental Medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier Saunders. Philadelphia. 2005. p 967.
  2. Pirkle JL, Brody DJ, Gunter EW, Kramer RA, Paschal DC, Flegal KM, Matte TD. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). J Am Med Assoc 1994;272:284-91. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.4.284
  3. Asif F, Christopher SW, Michael PW. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions. World Bank Pub. Washington. 1996. pp 18, 223.
  4. Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency. Physical examination health diagnosis practices. vol. 2.: Specific medical examination by hazardous factors, 2009. Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency. Incheon. 2009. p 222. (Korean) (translated by Shin YH)
  5. Kim JY, Kim JH, Kim HW, Roh JH, Lee KH, Cheon BC, Nam SM. A review of lead poisoning cases reported for recent 30 years in Korea. Korean J Med 2004; 6:617-24. (Korean)
  6. Crosby WH. Lead-contaminated health food: the tip of an iceberg. J Am Med Assoc 1977;238:1544. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.238.14.1544
  7. Lightfoote J, Blair HJ, Cohen JR. Lead intoxication in an adult caused by Chinese herbal medication. J Am Med Assoc 1977;238:1539. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.238.14.1539
  8. Ernst E. Toxic heavy metals and undeclared drugs in Asian herbal medicines. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23:136-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01972-6
  9. Ernst E. Risks of herbal medicinal products. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:767-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1014
  10. Garvey GJ, Hahn G, Lee RV, Harbison RD. Heavy metal hazards of Asian traditional remedies. Int J Environ Health Res 2001;11:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120020019656
  11. Kim HS, Kim KN, Oh DY, Shin GJ, Lee WH. A case of lead poisoning after ingestion of herb pills. Ewha Med J 1983;4:393-8. (Korean)
  12. Kim JG. Clinic Application of Processing of Herbal Medicine. Pharmaceutical Industry News. Seoul. 1992. (Korean)
  13. Kim GY, Kim HJ, Jung HW. The Guide of Processing of Standard Manufacturing of Herbal Medicine(III). Korea Food & Drug Administration. Seoul. 2009. pp 1- 10. (Korean) (translated by Shin YH)
  14. Korea Food & Drug Administration. Residual Contaminants, Such as Herbal, Establish Criteria and Test Methods Notices. Korea Food & Drug Administration. Seoul. 2009. pp 2-3. (Korean) (translated by Shin YH)
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult blood lead epidemiology and surveillance, United States, 2005-2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009;58;365-9.
  16. Humber JM. The role of complementary and alternative medicine: accommodating pluralism. J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:1655-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.13.1655
  17. Warude D, Patwardhan B. Botanicals: quality and regulatory issues. J Sci Ind Res 2005;64:83-92.
  18. Farnsworth NR. Relative safety of herbal medicines. Herbalgram. 1993;29 Suppl 36A-H.
  19. Mukherjee PK. Herbal drugs-toxicity and regulations. In: Quality Control Herbal Drugs. Business Horizons. New Delhi. 2002. pp 39-87.
  20. Bhushan P, Dnyaneshwar W, Pushpangadan P, Narendra B. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Oxford Journals 2005; 2:465-73.
  21. Yang KH. Revisit to the safety of medicinal herb. Korean J Med 2005;48:339-48. (Korean)
  22. Depieri LA, Buckley WT, Kowalenko CG. Cadmium and lead concentrations of commercially grown vegetables of soils in the Lower Fraser Valley of British- Columbia. Can J Soil Sci 1997;77:51-7. https://doi.org/10.4141/S96-034
  23. Marley WF, Thomas EG. The plant-derived chemicals marketplace. Business Economics. San Francisco. 1999;34:63-7.
  24. Jung RS, Shin DW, Lee JH, Kim SE, Joo IS, Kang SK, Heo OS, Shin HS. The a-nnual report of KFDA, vol.7: Monitoring Hazardous Metals of Natural Medicines. Daejeon Regional KFDA. Daejeon. 2003. pp 529-37. (Korean)
  25. Korea Food & Drug Administration. Biologicals 2010, Chinese Medicine (herb), Cosmetics, quasi Manufacturing Retail Management Master Plan. Korea Food & Drug Administration. Seoul. 2009. pp 6-63. (Korean) (translated by Shin YH)
  26. CODEX alimentarius. Report of the 29th session of the Codex Committee on Food additives and Contaminants. FAO Corporate Document Repository. Hague. 1997. p18.
  27. Myung SW. Regulation study of Heavy Metals in Herbal Medicinal Products. Korea Food & Drug Administra-tion. Seoul. 2007. pp 20-28. (Korean)
  28. Korea Food & Drug Administration. What is Lead Contained in Food?: Korea F-ood & Drug Admini-stration. Seoul. 2007. pp 36-43. (Korean) (translated by Shi-n YH)
  29. Scelfo GM, Flegal AR. Lead in calcium supplements. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:309-19. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108309
  30. Saper RB, Phillips RS, Sehgal A, Khouri N, Davis RB, Paquin J, Thuppil V, Kales SN. Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US-and Indian-menufactured ayurvedic medicines sold via the internet. J Am Med Assoc 2008; 300:915-23. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.8.915
  31. Subhuti D. How Clean and Pure are Chinese Herbs? Institute for Traditional Medicine. Portland. 2002. p1.