Natural Product Sciences

The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy (한국생약학회)
권호 표지

Memory Enhancing and Antioxidant Properties of Fermented Chongmyung-tang

  • Received : 2010.03.10
  • Accepted : 2010.05.20
  • Published : 2010.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The Chongmyung-tang (CMT) has been used as an oriental herbal medicine for the purpose of enhanced learning and memory. Recently, since fermentation may give a positive effect on pharmacological actions of herbal medicine, many studies are focused to find fermented medicinal herbs with improved bioactivity. In the present study, memory enhancing, antioxidant and reducing power activity of CMT and fermented CMT with Aspergillus oryzae (FCMT-A) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCMT-S) were determined. To evaluate the memory enhancing activities of CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S, we performed passive avoidance test using scopolamine induced amnesia model. Administration of CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S showed a significant memory enhancing effect about 72.5, 78.3, 71.8% of the normal group respectively. CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S also exhibited strong $DPPH{\bullet}$, ${\bullet}{O_2}^-$, $NO^{\codt}$, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ scavenging activities and reducing ower. It was also found that fermented CMT has slightly higher scavenging activities on $DPPH{\bullet}$, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ radicals compared to CMT. These results revealed that CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S had memory enhancing and radical scavenging activities. In addition, the fermentation of CMT was more or less important for elevated memory enhancing and antioxidant activities of CMT.

Keywords

References

  1. An, K.Y., Lee, S.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.W., Shin, J.B., Song, B.K., and Lee, E.J., Neuroprotective effect of Gagamchongmyung-tang on the deficits of learning and memory by MCAO in the Rat. J. Korean Oriental Med. 28, 1-12 (2007).
  2. Bartus, R.T., Dean, R.L., Beer, B., and Lippa, A.S., The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217, 408-414 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7046051
  3. Chen, I.N., Ng, C.C., Wang, C.Y., and Chang, T.L., Lactic fermentation and antioxidant activity of Zingiberaceae plants in Taiwan. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 60, 57-66 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480802375531
  4. Dreher, D. and Junod, A.F., Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development. Eur. J. Cancer 32, 30-38 (1996).
  5. El-Sherbiny, D.A., Khalifa, A.E., Attia, A.S., and Eldenshary, E.E.S., Hypericum perforatum extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 76, 523-533 (2003).
  6. Fernandez-Orozco, R., Frias, J., Munoz, R., Zielinski, H., Piskula, M.K., Kozlowska, H., and Vidal-Valverde, C., Fermentation as a bio-process to obtain functional soybean flours. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 55, 8972- 8979 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071823b
  7. Floyd, R.A. and Hensley, K., Oxidative stress in brain aging-implications for therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol. Aging 23, 795-807 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00019-2
  8. Fodale, V., Quattrone, D., Trecroci, C., Caminiti, V., and Santamaria, L.B., Alzheimer's disease and anaesthesia: implications for the central cholinergic system. Br. J. Anaesth. 97, 445-452 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/ael233
  9. Georgetti, S.R., Vicentini, F.T., Yokoyama, C.Y., Borin, M.F., Spadaro, A.C., and Fonseca, M.J., Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and mobilization of free phenolic compounds of soybean flour fermented with different beta-glucosidase-producing fungi. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106, 459-466 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03978.x
  10. Gilgun-Sherki, Y., Melamed, E., and Offen, D., Oxidative stress inducedneurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacol. 40, 959-975 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3
  11. Goo, B.S. and Lee, D.W., Antioxdative Effect of the Essential Oil form the Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus. J. Life Sci. 11, 503-508 (2001).
  12. Gug, Y.J., Choi, H., Kim, T.H., Kang, H.W., and Lyu, Y.S., Chongmyungtang Inhibits the Cytotoxicity of Beta-amyloid in Neuro 2A Neuroblastoma Cells. Kor. J. Orient. Physiol. Pathol. 18, 1418-1425 (2004).
  13. Gyamfi, M.A., Yonamine, M., and Aniya, Y., Free-radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally-induced liver injuries. Gen. Pharmacol. 32, 661-667 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00238-9
  14. Halliwell, B., Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence. Lancet 344, 721-724 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92211-X
  15. Harman, D., Free radical involvement in aging-pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Drugs Aging 3, 60-80 (1993). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199303010-00006
  16. Hasselmo, M.E., The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16, 710-715 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.09.002
  17. Hong, K.J., Lee, C.H., and Kim, S.W., Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 fermentation improves nutritional quality of food soybeans and feed soybean meals. J. Med. Food 7, 430-435 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.430
  18. Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Wu, C.R., and Wang, W.H., The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamineinduced amnesia in rats. Phytother. Res. 14, 375-377 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<375::AID-PTR593>3.0.CO;2-5
  19. Hung, Y.H., Huang, H.Y., and Chou, C.C., Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of methanol extracts of unfermented and fermented black soybeans. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 118, 62-68 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.06.005
  20. Ibrahim, H.R., Hoq, M.I., and Aoki, T., Ovotransferrin possesses SODlike superoxide anion scavenging activity that is promoted by copper and manganese binding. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 41, 631-640 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.08.005
  21. Ikeya, Y., Takeda, S., Tunakawa, M., Karakida, H., Toda, K., Yamaguchi, T., and Aburada, M., Cognitive improving and cerebral protective effects of acylated oligosaccharides in Polygala tenuifolia. Biol.Pharm. Bull. 27, 1081-108 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.1081
  22. Jeong, E.J., Lee, K.Y., Kim, S.H., Sung, S.H., and Kim, Y.C., Cognitiveenhancing and antioxidant activities of iridoid glycosides from Scrophularia buergeriana in scopolamine-treated mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 588, 78-84 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.015
  23. Jung, I.C. and Lee, S.R., Effects of ChongMyung-Tang and MokguenpiChongMyung-Tang Extract on the Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by CT105. Kor. J. Orient. Physiol. Pathol. 20, 394- 403 (2006).
  24. Kim, B.H., Kang, J.H., Lee, S.Y., Cho, H.J., Kim, Y.J., Kim, Y.J., and Ahn, S.C., Biotransformation of Ginseng to Compound K by Aspergillus oryzae. J. Life Sci. 16, 136-140 (2006). https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2006.16.1.136
  25. Kim, D.G., Son, D.H., Choi, U.K., Cho, Y.S., and Kim, S.M., The antioxidant ability and nitrite scavenging ability of Poria cocos. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 31, 1097-1101 (2002). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.6.1097
  26. Kim, K.Y., Kim, H.W., Lee, S.Y., Cha, D.Y., Lee, S.J., Kim, G.Y., Kim, H.J., and Jeong, H.W., Neuroprotective Efects of Gagam- ChongMeong-Tang on Cognitive Function after Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Kor. J. Orient. Physiol. Pathol. 22, 556-561 (2008).
  27. Lee, I.H., Hung, Y.H., and Chou, C.C., Solid-state fermentation with fungi to enhance the antioxidative activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of black bean. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 121, 150-6 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.09.008
  28. Lee, S.H., Chang, G.T., and Kim, J.H., Effects of Chongmyung-tang on Learning and Memory Performances in Mice. Kor. J. Orient. Physiol. Pathol. 20, 471-476 (2006).
  29. Maxwell, S.R., Anti-oxidant therapy: does it have a role in the treatment of human disease? Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. 6, 211-236 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.6.3.211
  30. Obo'n, J.M., Castellar, M.R., Cascales, J.A., and Ferna'ndez-Lo'pez, J.A., Assessment of the TEAC method for determining the antioxidant capacity of synthetic red food colorants. Food Res. Internat. 38, 843-845 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2005.01.010
  31. Oh, M.H., Houghton, P.J., Whang, W.K., and Cho, J.H., Screening of Korean herbal medicines used to improve cognitive function for anticholinesterase activity. Phytomedicine 11, 544-548 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.03.001
  32. Park, E.K., Shim, E.S., Jung, H.S., Sohn, N.W., and Sohn, Y.J., Effects of Chongmyung-tang, Polygalae Radix and Acori Graminei Rhizoma on A Toxicity and Memory Dysfunction in Mice. Kor. J. Orient. Int. Med. 29, 608-620 (2008).
  33. Park, Y.K., Kang, B.S., Yun, E.K., Kang, S.I., Park, C.H., Lee, D.W., Ha, J.H., and Huh, K. Effects of Some Sedative Oriental Medicines on Neurotransmission and Antioxidative System in vitro. Yakhak Hoeji. 44, 22-28 (2000).
  34. Sen, C.K. and Packer, L., Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription, FASEB J. 10, 709-720 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635688
  35. Weingartner, H., Models of memory dysfunction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 444, 359-369 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37601.x
  36. Whitehouse, P.J., Price, D.L., Clark, A.W., Coyle, J.T., and DeLong, M.R., Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann. Neurol. 10, 122-126 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410100203
  37. Xue, W., Hu, JF., Yuan, Y.H., Sun, J.D., Li, B.Y., Zhang, D.M., Li, C.J., and Chen, N.H., Polygalasaponin XXXII from Polygala tenuifolia root improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 30, 1211-1219 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2009.112
  38. Yun, Y.J., Lee, B.B., Hahm, D.H., Kang, S.K., Han, S.M., Lee, H.J., Pyun, K.H., and Shim, I.S., Neuroprotective effect of palmulchongmyeong- tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharmaceut. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.337