Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science (한국초지조사료학회지)

The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science (한국초지조사료학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mold Growth and Mycotoxin Contamination of Forages

조사료의 곰팡이 발생과 곰팡이독소 오염

  • Received : 2009.12.04
  • Accepted : 2010.02.22
  • Published : 2010.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In order to ensure good animal health and performance, it is essential to produce forages with high feeding value and good hygienic quality. However, huge amounts of forages consumed by ruminants are contaminated with mold prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage. These mold can grow in forages only when nutrients are available, correct temperature exist, oxygen is present, and unbound water is available. Fungal 'species can be divided into two groups: field fungi and storage fungi. Field fungi invade the forages while the crop is still in the field, require high moisture conditions, and are such as species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberrella and Helminthosporium. Storage fungi invade forages during storage and need less moisture than field fungi. These such as species of Aspergillus and Penicillium usually do not occur any problem before harvest. Mold growth can spoil the nutritional aspects of the forages and also results in secondary metabolites that are highly toxic to animal, humans and plants. Moldy feeds are less palatable and may reduce dry matter intake. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of nutrition intake, reducing weight gains or milk production. Performance losses of 5 to 10 percent are typical with moldy feeds. Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi (molds) growing on crops in the field or storages. While greater than 400 mycotoxins have been chemically identified, the biological or veterinary medical impact of only several mycotoxins is known. Mycotoxins have attracted considerable attention as potential causes for poor performance and health disorders in domestic livestock. They can be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunosuppressive, estrogenic, or mutagenic. So, feeding moldy forages has adverse effects on animal health and milk consumers. Also, this author reported that rice straw hay was contaminated mycotoxigenic fungi such as Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum in Korea. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop an improved post harvest storage method to reduce nutrient loss and mycotoxin contamination of forages, which will have a positive impact on human health.

Keywords

References

  1. 성하균, 김성국, 이종경, 강준석. 2009. 사료용 볏짚에 오염 곰팡이의 유전적 분석을 통한 위해성 연구. 한국동물자원과학회 학술발표회. Proceeding Vol. II. 145.
  2. 축산정책단. 2008. 청보리 등 조사료 생산.이용 활성화 대책. 농림수산식품부. 축산정책단.
  3. Auerbach, H. 2003. Mould growth and mycotoxin contamination of silage: sources, types and solution. In: Nitritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. (T. P. Lyons and K A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom. pp. 247-265.
  4. Bauer, J. 2002. Mycotoxins in feedstuffs for ruminants: Biochemical effects and clinical relevance. In: Proceeding of the XXII World Buiatrics Congress (M.. Kaske, H. Scholz and M. Holtershinken, eds). Hildesheimer Druck-u, Verags-GmbH, Hildesheim, Germany. pp. 168-180.
  5. Beuchat, L.R. 1983. Influence of water acivity on growth, metabolic activities and survival of yeast and molds. J. Food Prot. 46:135-140. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-46.2.135
  6. Bullerman, L.B., L.L. Schorder and K.Y. Park. 1984. Formention and control of mycotxins in food, J. Food Prot. 47:630-637.
  7. Burmeister, P., R. Harland, A. Hartman and R. Saul. 1965. MycrobioIogy of ensiled high moisture corn. Appl. Microbio;. 14:31-34.
  8. Carlier, V., F. Bolnot and M. Gauthier. 1986. Activite de l'eau (Aw) et microorganisms. Rev. Technol. Ind. Viande Denrees d'Origine Animale. 4:219.
  9. Chowdhury, S.A. and K.S. Huque. 1996. Study on the development of a technique for preserving straw under wet condition in Bangladesh. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 9:91-99. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1996.91
  10. Christensen, C.M. 1982. Storage of cereal grains and their products. Pagel in Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. St. Paul. MN.
  11. Christensen, C.M. and H.H. Kaufmann. 1965. Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 3:9-84.
  12. Cole, R.J. 1976. Mycotoxins produce by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage. Int Symposium on Mycotoxins, Paris.
  13. Cole, R.J., J.W. Kirksey, J.W. Dorner, D.M. Wilson, J.C. Johnson, A.N. Johnson, D.M. Bedell, J.P. Springer, K.K Chexal, J.C Clardy and R.H. Cox. 1977. Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species isolated from moulded silage. J. Agric Food Chem. 25:826-830. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60212a015
  14. Cole; R.J. and R.H. Cox. 1981. Handbook of toxic fungal metabolites. Academic Press Inc. New York, USA.
  15. Coulombe, Jr. A.C. 1993. Symposium: Biological action of mycotoxins. J. Dairy Sci. 79:880-891.
  16. Dirheimer, G. 1998. Recent advances in the genotoxicity of mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149: 605-616.
  17. Fenlon, D.R. and J. Wilson. 2000. Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in poorly ermented laboratory silage: a possible environmental dimension in the epidemiology of E. coli O157. Letters Appl. Microbiol. 30:118-121. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00679.x
  18. Fink-Gremmels, J. 2005. Mycotoxin in forages. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book. (D. E. Diaz). Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom. pp. 249-268.
  19. Hill, R.A., D.M. Wilson, W.W. McMillian and N.W. Blankenship. 1984. Ecology of the Aspergillus group and Aflatoxin formation in maize and ground nuts. Page 79 in Tricothencenes and other Mycotoxins. J. Lacey. ed. Proc. Int. Mycotoxin Symp., Sydney, Aust., John Wiley & Sons, New York. NY.
  20. Jones, B.D. and R.D. Coker. 1994. The effect of mycotoxins in animals with particular reference to the "carry-over" of mycotoxins from naturaIly contaminted feed to food products. A review submitted to MAFF under contract.
  21. Jouany, J.P. and D.E. Diaz. 2005. Effects of mycotoxins in uminants. Page 295-321 in The Mycotoxin Blue Book. D.E. Diaz. Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom.
  22. Kapersson, A., R. Hlodversson, U. Palmgren, S. Lindgren. 1984. Microbial and biochemical changes occurring durring deterioration of hay and preservative effect of urea. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 14:127-133.
  23. Kore, A.N. 1996. Mycotoxin In Animal Feeds. Current Issue and Concerns. WI veterinary Mrdical Assn. Proceedings. 81:207-214.
  24. Lacey, J. 1975. Colonisation of damp organic substrates and spontaneous heating. In: Microbial Growth and Survival in Extrems of Enviroment, Ed. Gould G. W. & Corry J. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 53-70.
  25. Magan, N. and J. Lacey. 1988. Ecological deter-minants of mould growth in stored grain. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 7:245-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(88)90043-8
  26. Mamun, M.A., M. Md. Ali Akbar and Md Shahjalal. 2002. Rice straw, It's quality and quantity as affected by storage system in Bangladesh. Pakistan J. Nutrition. 1:153-155. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2002.153.155
  27. McDonald, P., A.R. Henderson and S.J.E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage, 2nd Ed. Clalcombe Publication, 13 Highwoods Drive. Marlow Bottom. Marlow, Bucks SJ & 3PU. pp. 129-130.
  28. Miller, J.D. 1994. Fungi in Grain: Implications for stored . product research. J. of Stored Products Research 31:1-16.
  29. Miller. J.D., J.C. Young and H. L. Trenholm. 1983. Fusarium toxins in field corn. I. Time course of fungal growth and production of deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins. Can. J. Bot. 61:3080-3087. https://doi.org/10.1139/b83-345
  30. Morquer, R., C. Lombard, M. Berthelon and L. Lacoste. 1955. Pouvoir pathohene de quelques especes de Geotrichum. CR Academy de Sci (paris). 240:378-380.
  31. Muller, M. 1991. Investigations of the incidence of Alternaria in silage maize and hay. Zentralblatt fur Mikribiol. 146:481-488.
  32. Muschen, H. and K. Frank. 1994. Mycotoxins in oilseeds and risks in animal production. In: Moulds, Mycotoxins and Food Preservatives in the Food Industry. Parsippany, New Jersey, BASF Corporation. pp. 31-35.
  33. Nelson, C.E. 1993. Strategies of mold control in dairy feeds. J. Dairy Sci. 76:898-902. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77416-0
  34. Nout, M.J.R., M.H. Bouwmeester, J. Haaksma and H. van Dijk. 1993. Fungal growth in silages of sugarbeet press pulp and maize. J. Agric Sci. 121:323-326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600085506
  35. Patterson, M. and A.P. Damaglou. 1986. The effect of water activity and pH on the production of mycotoxins by fungi growing on a bread analogue. Lett. appl. Microbiol, 3:123-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1986.tb01564.x
  36. Pelhate, J. 1974. Mycoflare des mais-humides, determinisme de son evolution. Rev. Microbiol. 29:65-95.
  37. Pelhate, J. 1977. Maize silage: Incidence of moulds during conservation. Folia Vet Latina. 7:1-26.
  38. Phillips, S. and P. Wareing. 1993. Mycological analysis of rice straw samples collected in Bangladesh. File Note, Project AD317. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, UK.
  39. Phillips, S.I., P.W. Wareimg, A. Dutta, S. Panigrahi and V. Medlock. 1996. The mycoflora and incidence of mycotoxin, Zearalenine and Sterigmatocystin in dairy feed and forage samples from Eastern India and Bangladesh. Mycopathologia. 5:1-7.
  40. Rabie, C.J., E.W. Sydenham, P.G. Thiel, A. Lubben and W.F.O. Marasas. 1986. T-2 toxin production by fusarium acuminatum isolated from oats and barley. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:594-602.
  41. Riley, R.T., K.A. Voss, W.P. Norred, R.P. Sharma, E. Wang and A.H. Merrill, Jr. 1998. Fumonisins: mechanism of mycotoxicity. Rev. Med. vet. 149:617-626.
  42. Russel, L., D.F. Cox, G. Karsen, K. Bodwell, and C.E. Nelson. 1991. Incidence of molds and mycotoxins in commercial animal feed mills in seven Midwestern states 1998-1989. J. Anim. Sci. 69:5-11. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.6915
  43. Sabino, M., G. Prado, E.I. Inomata, M.D. Pedroso and R.V. Garcia. 1989. Natural occurance of aflatoxins and zearalenone in maize in Brazil. Part II. Food Addit. Contam. 6:327-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652038909373787
  44. Santin, E. 2005. Mould growth and mycotoxin production. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book (D.E. Diaz ed). Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom. pp. 225-234.
  45. Schatzmayr, G. 2005. Effective solution to control mycotoxins. Hoard's West. February(25): W42-W43.
  46. Scudamore, K.A. and C.T. Livesey. 1998. Occurrence andsignificance of mycotoins in forage crops and silage; a review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 77:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199805)77:1<1::AID-JSFA9>3.0.CO;2-4
  47. Sebunya, T.K. and D.M. Yourtee. 1990. Aflatoxigenic aspergilli in foofs and feeds in Uganda. J. food Qual. 13:97-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1990.tb00010.x
  48. Shier, W.T. 1998. Estrogenic mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149:599-604.
  49. Steyn, P.S. 1998. Yhe biosynthesis of mycotoxins. Rev. Med. Vet. 149:469-478.
  50. Sung, H.G., S.G. Kim and J.K. Lee. 2009. The Presence of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Rice Straw during the Earlier Spring of Korea. New Paradigm for Forage Production in the East Asian Region. Proceeding of the 3rd Korea-China-Japan Joint Symposium on Grassland Agriculture and Livestock Production. 48-49.
  51. Tareque, A.M.M. 1991. Feed & Fodder resources in Bangladesh and patterns of utilization. ADB, Second Livestock Project, TA No.668-BAN.
  52. Thylin, I. 2000. methods of preventing growth of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and yeasts in silage. Acta Univerisitatis Agriculturea Sueciae. Agraria 223.
  53. Tripathi, H.P., A.P. Singh, V.S. Upadhyay, H.P. Kessels, A.S. Harika, Sahab Singh and M.N.M. Lbrahim. 1995. Forage conservation, storage and feeding. In Handbook for straw feeding systems (Ed. K. Singh and J. B. Schiere), pp. 303-323. Ino-Dutch project on bioconversion of crop residues.
  54. Tuite, J. 1994. Epidemiology of moulds in grain. In: Mould, Mycotoxins and Food Preservatives in the Food Industry. Parsippany, New Jersey. BASF Coperation. pp. 5-8.
  55. Undi, M. and M. Wittenberg. 1996. Intake, rumen fermentation characterrisitics, and feedstuff in situ digestion kinetics as influenced by fungal biomass in alfalfa hay fed to cattle. Animal Feed Sci. Technology. 61:291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00942-6
  56. Woolford, M.K. 1984. The Silage Fermentation. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Ave., Ny York, NY. pp. 32-33.
  57. Woolford, M. 1990. The detrimental effects of air on silage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 68:101-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02554.x

Cited by

  1. Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation on Rice Straw Digestibility and Cellulolytic Bacterial Community in the Rumen vol.55, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2013.55.1.41