Journal of Korea Port Economic Association (한국항만경제학회지)

The Korea Port Economic Association (한국항만경제학회)
권호 표지

A Brief Efficiency Measurement Way for the Korean Container Terminals Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis

확률프론티어분석을 통한 국내컨테이너 터미널의 효율성 측정방법 소고

  • 박노경 (조선대학교 경상대학 무역학과)
  • Received : 2010.10.27
  • Accepted : 2010.12.09
  • Published : 2010.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to measure the efficiency of Korean container terminals by using SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis). Inputs[Number of Employee, Quay Length, Container Terminal Area, Number of Gantry Crane], and output[TEU] are used for 3 years(2002,2003, and 2004) for 8 Korean container terminals by applying both SFA and DEA models. Empirical main results are as follows: First, Null hypothesis that technical inefficiency is not existed is rejected and in the trasnslog model, the estimate is significant. Second, time-series models show the significant results. Third, average technical efficiency of Korean container terminals are 73.49% in Cobb-Douglas model, and 79.04% in translog model. Fourth, to enhance the technical efficiency, Korean container terminals should increase the handling amount of TEUs. Fifth, both SFA and DEA models have the high Spearman ranking of correlation coefficients(84.45%). The main policy implication based on the findings of this study is that the manager of port investment and management of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in Korea should introduce the SFA with DEA models for measuring the efficiency of Korean ports and terminals.

본 논문에서는, 국내와 외국에서 선행된 항만분야의 SFA분석과 관련된 선행연구들을 간략하게 검토하였으며, 또한 국내 컨테이너터미널 8곳의 3년간(2002년, 2003년, 2004년)자료를 이용하고, 4개의 투입물[종업원수(명), 부두길이(m), 부지면적(평방m), 갠트리크레인 대수(대)])과 1개의 산출물[년간 컨테이너 처리실적(TEU)]을 이용하여 SFA 및 DEA측정방법으로 실증분석하는 방법을 보여주었으며, 양자의 효율성 순위를 스피어만의 상관분석을 통해 검증하여 보았다. 주요한 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 반정규분포를 갖는 기술적 비효율성효과가 존재하지 않는다는 귀무가설을 기각하고 반정규분포를 갖는 기술적 비효율성효과가 존재한다는 대립가설을 채택함으로써 전통적인 평균반응함수(average response function)가 자료를 적절히 표현하지 못한다는 것을 검증하였다. 트랜스로그모형에서는 검정통계량이 19.12로 이 값은 유의수준 0.5%에서 자유도 6을 가진 혼합카이자승분포의 임계치 16.074보다 크므로 유의미하다. 둘째, 시계열자료를 이용한 분석에서는 콥더글러스모형과 트랜스로그모형에서 모두 유의미한 결과를 보였다. 셋째, 우리나라의 컨테이너터미널의 기술적 효율성을 살펴보면 콥더글러스모형에서는 평균 73.49%, 트랜스로그모형에서 평균은 79.04%를 나타냈다. 따라서 국내 컨테이너터미널의 기술적 효율성은 약간 높은 수준임을 알 수 있다. 즉, 한국컨테이너터미널들은 생산요소를 생산변경(production frontier)에 어느정도 근접한 생산량을 산출하도록 약간 높은 효율적으로 투입함으로써 컨테이너터미널을 관리운영하는 과정에서 비효율적인 요소가 어느 정도 존재하지만, 규모에 대한 수익체증(increasing returns to scale)을 나타내고 있다는 것을 시사하고 있다. 넷째, 국내 컨테이너터미널들이 기술적인 효율성을 높이기 위해서는 컨테이너 화물처리량을 높혀야만 되는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, DEA효율성수치에 의한 순위와 SFA효율성 수치에 의한 순위상관분석에서는 높은(84.45%) 순위상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 정책적인 함의는 항만운영에 관여하는 정책입안가들은 본 연구에서 사용한 SFA모형을 항만의 기술적인 효율성 측정에 도입하는 한편, 기술적인 효율성을 높이기 위해서 컨테이너화물의 처리량(TEU)을 높이는 방법을 도입해야만 한다.

Keywords

References

  1. 류동근," 국내 컨테이너 전용터미널의 효율성 비교:DEA 접근 ," 해운물류연구, 제47호, 한국해운물류학회, 2005, pp.21-38.
  2. 박노경, "Tier분석을 통한 벤치마킹항만 적출방법,"한국항만경제학회지, 제25집 제1호, 한국항만경제학회, 2009a, pp.15-28.
  3. 박노경, "Negative DEA를 이용한 국내항만의 운영위험평가 측정방법,"한국항만경제학회지, 제25집 제2호, 한국항만경제학회, 2009b, pp.57-72.
  4. 박노경, "국내항만투자의 유효성 검증을 위한 모형개발 및 실증적 적용에 관한 연구,"한국항만경제학회지, 제24집 제2호, 한국항만경제학회, 2008, pp.209-239.
  5. 박노경, " 슬랙변수모형을 이용한 효율성 측정방법: 은행산업 적용소고," 대한경영학회지, 제45호, 대한경영학회, 2004, pp.1823-1847.
  6. 박노경, "국내항만투자의 유효성 검증을 위한 모형개발 및 실증적 적용에 관한 연구,"한국항만경제학회지, 제24집 제2호, 한국항만경제학회, 2008, pp.209-239.
  7. 박노경, "컨테이너 터미널의 방사-비방사적 효율성 측정방법 비교,"모형개발 및 실증적 적용에 관한 연구," 제24집 제2호, 한국항만경제학회, 2007, pp.17-41.
  8. 박노경, "국내항만투자의 가치사슬 효율성 측정,"무역학회지, 제28권 제3호, 한국무역학회, 2003a, pp.181-204.
  9. 박노경, "항만투자의 유효성 측정방법: Congestion 모형접근,"한국항만경제학회지, 제19집 제2호, 한국항만경제학회, 2003b pp.33-53.
  10. 여규헌, 이영수,"국제항공운송회사의 비용효율성 연구: 국제비교를 중심으로," 한국항공운항학회지, 제15권 제4호, 한국항공운항학회, 2007, pp.108-116.
  11. 유금록," 공공부문의 효율성 평가를 위한 모수적 변경추정법," 한국사회와 행정연구, 제12권 제2호, 서울행정학회, 2001 pp.99-115.
  12. 국토해양부(구 해양수산부), 해양수산통계연보, 국토해양부(구 해양수산부), 2005.
  13. 한국컨테이너부두공단, http://www.kca.or.kr
  14. 허명회, SPSS를 활용한 통계적 방법론, SPSS아카데미, 2002.
  15. Adler, N., L. Friedman, and Z. Sinuani-Stern," Review of Ranking Methods in the Data Envelopment Analysis Context," European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.140, 2002, pp.249-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00068-1
  16. Aigner, D. J., C. A. K. Lovell, & P. Schmidt. (1977). Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Models. Journal of Econometrics, 6: 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(77)90052-5
  17. Banker, R. D., A. Charnes and W. W. Cooper, "Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis," Management Sciences, Vol. 30, 1984, pp. 1078-1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
  18. Barros, C.P.. M. Athanassiou, " Efficiency in European Seaports with DEA: Evidence from Greece and Portugal," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 6, 2004, pp. 122-140. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100099
  19. Battese, G. E. (1992). "Frontier Production Functions and Technical Efficiency: A Survey of Empirical Applications in Agricultural Economics," Agricultural Economics, 7: 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(92)90049-5
  20. Battese, G. E. (1998). "A Stochastic Frontier Model for the Analysis of the Effects of Quality of Irrigation Water on Crop Yields," CEPA Working Papers. No. 9/98. University of New England, Australia.
  21. Battese, G. E. & S. S. Broca, "Functional Forms of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions and Models for Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study for Wheat Farmers in Pakistan," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol.8, 1996, pp. 395-414.
  22. Battese, G. E. & T. J. Coelli, "Prediction of Firm-Level Technical Efficiencies With a Generalised Frontier Production Function and Panel Data," Journal of Econometrics, Vol.38, 1988, pp.387-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90053-X
  23. Battese, G. E. & T. J. Coelli, "Frontier Production Functions, Technical Efficiency and Panel Data: With Application to Paddy Farmers in India," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol.3, 1992,pp. 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00158774
  24. Battese, G. E. & T. J. Coelli, "A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data," Empirical Economics, Vol.20, 1995,pp.325-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205442
  25. Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper and E. Rhodes, "Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units," European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 2, 1978, pp. 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
  26. Coelli, T. J.,"Estimators and Hypothesis Tests for a Stochastic Frontier Function: A Monte Carlo Analysis."Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol.6, 1995,pp.247-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01076978
  27. Coelli, T. J., A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A Computer Program for Frontier Production Function Estimation. CEPA Working Paper 96/07. Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. 1996.
  28. Coelli, T., D. S. P. Rao, & G. E. Battese, An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
  29. Coto-Millan, P., Banos-Pino, J. and Rodriguez-Alvarez, A., "Economic Efficiency in Spanish Ports: Some Empirical Evidence," Maritime Policy and Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2000, pp.169-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/030888300286581
  30. Cullinane, K., and D.W. Song, "Estimating the Relative Efficiency of European Container Ports: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis," Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 16, 2006, pp.85-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-8859(06)16005-9
  31. Cullinane, K., and D.W. Song, "A Stochastic Frontier Model of the Productive Efficiency of Korean Container Terminals," Applied Economics, Vol. 35, No.3, 2003, pp.251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840210139355
  32. Cullinane, K., D.W. Song, and R. Gray, "A Stochastic Frontier Model of the Efficiency of Major Container Terminals in Asia: Assessing the Influence of Administrative and Ownership Structures,," Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 36, No.8, 2002, pp.743-762.
  33. Cullinane, K., T.F. Wang, D.W. Song, and P. Ji, " The Technical Efficiency of Container Ports: Comparing Data Envelopment Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Analysis," Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 40, 2006, pp.354-374.
  34. Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 120(3): 253-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100
  35. Han, C.H., "An Empirical Study on the Determinants for Port Performance and Effciency," Proceedings of the 2nd International Gwangyang Port Forum and Int'l Conference for the 20th Anniversary of Korean Association of Shipping Studies, Korean Association of Shipping Studies, April 24-26, 2002, pp.247-259.
  36. Kodde, D.A., and F.C. Palm, " Wald Criteria for Jointly Testing Equality and Inequality Restrictions," Econometrica, Vol.54, No.5, 1986, pp.1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912331
  37. Kumbhakar, S. C. & C. A. K. Lovell., Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  38. Lin, L.C., and L.A. Tseng,"Application of DEA and SFA on the Measuring of Operating Efficiencies for 27 International Container Ports," Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.5,2005, pp.597-598.
  39. Liu, Z., "The Comparative Performance of Public and Private Enterprises," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 29, No. 3, 1995, pp.263-274.
  40. Meeusen, W. & J. van den Broeck. (1977). Efficiency Estimation from Cobb-Douglas Production Functions with Composed Error. International Economic Reviews, 18: 435-444. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525757
  41. Notteboom, T., Coeck, C. and van den Broeck, J., "Measuring and Explaining the Relative Efficiency of Container Terminals by Means of Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Models," International Journal of Maritime Economics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2000, pp.83-106. https://doi.org/10.1057/ijme.2000.9
  42. Park, R.K., " A Trend Analysis on Scale Efficiency of the Port of Gwangyang: 1994-2004," Journal of Korea Port Economic Association, Vol.22, No.3, 2006, pp.59-78.
  43. Park, R.K., "A Verification of Korean Containerport Efficiency Using the Bootstrap Approach," Journal of Korea Trade, Vol.12, No.2, 2008, pp.1-30.
  44. Park, R.K. and P. De, " An Alternative Approach to Efficiency Measurement of Seaports," Maritime Economics and Logistics, Vol.6, 2004, pp.54-69.
  45. Roll, Y. and Y. Hayuth, "Port Performance Comparison Applying Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)," Maritime Policy and Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1993, pp.153-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839300000025
  46. Sharma, M. J. and S.J. Yu, "Performance Based Stratification and Clustering for Benchmarking of Container Terminals," Expert Systems with Application, Vol. 36, 2009, pp.5016-5022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.06.010
  47. Tongzon, J.(2001), "Efficiency Measurement of Selected Australian and Other International Ports Using Data Envelopment Analysis," Transportation Research, Part A, Vol. 35, pp.113-128.
  48. Valantine, V.C. and R. Gray, " Competition of Hub Ports: A Comparison between Europe and the Far East," Proceedings of the 2nd International Gwangyang Port Forum and Int'l Conference for the 20th Anniversary of Korean Association of Shipping Studies, Korean Association of Shipping Studies, April 24-26, 2002, pp.161-176.
  49. Wang, T.F., K. Cullinane, and D.W. Song, Container Port Production and Economic Efficiency, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.