Journal of the Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회지)

The Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회)
권호 표지

Cities as Place for Climate Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Portland, Oregon, USA

기후완화와 적용의 장소로서의 도시 - 미국 오레건주 포트랜드시 사례연구 -

  • 장희준 (포틀랜드 주립대학교 지리학과) ;
  • Received : 2010.03.09
  • Accepted : 2010.03.16
  • Published : 2010.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions but also suitable places for implementing proactive climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. Based on the interdisciplinary review of literature, we categorize the current discussion about urban climate mitigation and adaptation planning, policy and practices into four perspectives - sustainability science, global change science, multilevel governance, and structural engineering. While these four schools of thought have distinct perspectives rooted in different disciplinary lenses, our synthesis of the literature identifies several universal themes that are common to all of the perspectives in the context of combating threats posed by climate change. The Portland case study illustrates that a city can make changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase adaptive capacity to climate change impacts by implementing smart growth, devising local climate action plans that target emission reductions in various sectors, recognizing the interactions and influences of multiple scales of governance, and supporting the installation of various green infrastructures that contribute to green economy. Furthermore, a university can serve as a hub in this climate mitigation and adaptation arena by connecting various levels of community organizations in both public and private sectors, creating innovative research centers and spatially explicit green infrastructure, designing impact assessments and campus carbon inventories, and engaging students and the larger community through service learning.

도시는 적극적으로 온실가스배출을 저감하고 기후변화에 대한 적응전략을 구현할 수 있는 적합한 장소이다. 기존의 도시 기후변화 완화와 적응의 계획, 정책, 이행에 관한 연구를 지속가능성 과학, 세계변화 과학, 다차원 거버넌스, 구조공학의 네가지 범주로 나누어 고찰하였다. 이 네가지 학문은 관점이 서로 다르지만 모두 기후변화로 인해 야기될 수 있는 위협을 극복하는데 보편적인 주제를 공유하고 있다. 포트랜드 시의 사례연구는 도시가 현명한 성장, 국지적인 기후대응 계획, 다차원 규모의 거버넌스, 녹생성장에 기여하는 그린 인프라구조의 설치등을 통해 온실가스를 저감하고 기후변화에 능동적으로 대응할 수 있음을 제시한다. 더욱이 도시에 위치한 대학은 민간과공공부문의 다양한 조직을 연결하고, 혁신적인 연구센터와 공간적으로 명확한 그린 인프라스트럭처를 창출하며, 영향평가 방법과 캠퍼스 탄소 인벤토리를 구축하며 서비스 학습을 통해 학생과 커뮤니티를 연결하여 이러한 기후변화의 완화와 대응의 허브로서 작용할 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbott, C., 1983., Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
  2. Abbott, C., 2002, Planning a sustainable city: The promise and performance of Portland's urban growth boundary, in Squires, G. D.(ed.), Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses, Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC, 207-235.
  3. Association of American Geographers (AAG) Global Change and Local Places Research Team, 2003, Global change and local places: estimating, understanding, and reducing greenhouse gases, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 270pp.
  4. Beaudoin, F. and Studer-Spevak, N., 2010, Portland State University Climate Action Plan, Portland State University Office of Sustainable Processes and Practices.
  5. Benedict, M. A. and McMahon, E. D., 2006, Green Infrastructure: Linking landscapes and Communities, Island Press, Washington DC.
  6. Betsill, M. and Bulkeley, H., 2007, Looking back and thinking ahead. a decade of cities and climate change research, Local Environment, 12(5), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701659683
  7. Bizikova, L., Robinson, J., and Cohen, S., 2007, Linking climate change and sustainable development at the local level, Climate Policy, 7, 271-277. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0712
  8. Bulkeley, H. and Betsill, M., 2003, Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance, Routledge, London.
  9. Bulkeley, H. and Betsill, M., 2005, Rethinking sustainable cities: Multilevel governance and the 'urban' politics of climate change, Environmental Politics, 14(1), 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964401042000310178
  10. Burch, S. and Robinson, J., 2007, A framework for explaining the links between capacity and action in response to global climate change, Climate Policy, 7, 304-316. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0715
  11. Burton. I., Bizikova, L., Dickenson, T., and Howard, Y., 2007, Integrating adaptation into policy: Upscaling evidence from local to global, Climate Policy, 7, 371-376. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0719
  12. Chang, H., Lafrenz, M., Jung, I-W., Figliozzi, M., Platman, D., and Pederson, C, 2010, Potential impacts of climate change on flood-induced travel disruption: A case study of Portland in Oregon, USA, Annals of the Association of American Geographers (in press).
  13. City of Chicago, 2005, Chicago Climate Action Plan, http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/.
  14. City of Portland, 2005, Global warming progress report: A progress report on the City of Portland and Multnomah County local action plan on global warming, http://www.portlandonline.com/ shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=112118.
  15. City of Portland, 2008, Portland Bicycle Counts 2008, Office of Transportation.
  16. City of Portland, 2009, City of Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan 2009, http://www. portlandonline.com/osd/index.cfm?c=49989&a=240683.
  17. City of Portland, 2010a, Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030: A world class bicycling city, Office of Transportation, ftp://ftp02.portlandoregon.gov/ PBOT/Bicycle_Plan_for_2030/Plan_Documents/ Complete_Plan/Portland_Bicycle_Plan_for_2030_ as-adopted.pdf
  18. City of Portland, 2010b, City of Portland Proposed High Performance Green Building Policy, Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, http://www. portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=45879.
  19. City of Portland, 2010c, Neighborhood Coalitions, Office of Neighborhood Involvement, http://www. portlandonline.com/ONI/index.cfm?c=28390.
  20. City of Portland, 2010d, Portland Green Street Program, http://www.portlandonline.com/BES/index.cfm?c=44407.
  21. City of Seattle, 2005, Seattle Climate Action Plan, http:// www9.seattle.gov/climate/report.htm.
  22. Coaffee, J., 2008, Risk, resilience, and environmentally sustainable cities, Energy Policy, 36, 4633-4638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.048
  23. Cohen, B., Dondy-Kaplan, H., Moeller, D., Timm, E., Valentine, D., and VanZerr, M., 2009, Neighborhood Climate Action Planning Handbook, Southeast Uplift Neighborhood Coalition, Portland, OR.
  24. Countryside Agency, 2006, Countryside In and Around Towns: The Green Infrastructure of Yorkshire and the Humber, CA, Leeds.
  25. Davies, C., McGloin, C., MacFarlane, R., and Roe, M., 2006, Infrastructure Planning Guide Project: Final Report, NECF, Annfield Plain.
  26. Dill, J., 2008, Transit use at transit-oriented developments in the Portland, Oregon, Area, Transportation Research Record, 159-67.
  27. Energy Trust of Oregon, 2010, Natural gas consumption data, Portland, OR.
  28. Gill, S., Pauleit, S., Ennos, R., Lindley, S., Handley, J., Gwilliam, J., and Ueberjahn-Tritta, A., 2004, Literature Review: Impacts of Climate Change on Urban Environments, Center for Urban and Regional Ecology, University of Manchester.
  29. Gill, S. E., Handley, J., Ennos, A. R., and Pauleit, S., 2007, Adapting cities for climate change: The role of green infrastructure, Built Environment, 33(1), 115-133. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.1.115
  30. Granberg, M. and Elander, I., 2007, Local governance and climate change: Reflections on the Swedish experience, Local Environment, 12(5), 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701656911
  31. Green infrastructure, http://www.greeninfrastrucut enw.co.uk/html/index.php?page=index(accessed on March 2, 2010).
  32. Hamin, E. M. and Gurran, N., 2009, Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the U.S. and Australia, Habitat International, 33, 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.005
  33. Harvey, T. and Works, M., 2002, Urban sprawl and rural landscapes: Perceptions of landscape as amenity in Portland, Oregon, Local Environment, 7, 381-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354983022000027509
  34. Holgate, C., 2007, Factors and actors in climate change mitigation: A tale of two South African cities, Local Environment, 12(5), 471-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701656994
  35. Hosford-Abernathy Neighborhood Development, 2010, http://www.handpdx.org/.
  36. Houle, M. C., 1996, One City's Wilderness: Portland's Forest Park, 2nd Edition, Oregon Historical Society Press, Portland.
  37. Huntington, T. G., 2006, Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis, Journal of Hydrology, 319, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.025
  38. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1997, The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability, Geneva.
  39. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007, Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, in Solomon, S., Quin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L. (eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  40. Jun, M. J., 2008, Are Portland's smart growth policies related to reduced automobile dependence?, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 28(1), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X08319240
  41. Kates, R. W., Clark, W. C., Corell, R., Hall, J. M., Jaeger, C. C., Lowe, I., McCarthy, J. J., Schellnhuber, H. J., Bolin, B., Dickson, N. M., Faucheux, S., Gallopin, G. C., Grubler, A., Huntley, B., Jager, J., Jodha, N. S., Kasperson, R. E., Mabogunje, A., Matson, P., Mooney, H., Moore III, B., O'Riordan, T., and Svedin, U., 2001, Sustainability science, Science, 292, 641- 642. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059386
  42. Kates, R. W., Wilbanks, T. J., and Abler, R. F., 2003, Global change and local places: Lessons learned, in Association of American Geographers GCLP Research Team, Global Change and Local Places: Estimating, Understanding, and Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Cambridge.
  43. Kates, R. W. and Wilbanks, T. J., 2003, A grand query: How scale matters in global change research, in Association of American Geographers GCLP Research Team, Global Change and Local Places: Estimating, Understanding, and Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Cambridge.
  44. King County, 2007, King County Climate Plan, http:// www.kingcounty.gov/exec/globalwarming.aspx.
  45. Kirshen, P., Ruth, M., and Anderson, W., 2008, Interdependencies of urban climate change impacts and adaptation strategies: A case study of Metropolitan Boston, USA, Climatic Change, 86, 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9252-5
  46. Kline, J., and Alig, R., 1999, Does land use planning show the conversion of forest and farm lands? Growth and Change, 30, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00102
  47. Knuth, S., Nagle, B., Steuer, C., and Yarnal, B., 2007, Universities and climate change mitigation: Advancing grassroots climate policy in the US,Local Environment, 12(5), 485-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701657059
  48. McEvoy, D., Lindley, S., and Handley, J., 2006, Adaptation and mitigation in urban areas: Synergies and conflicts, Municipal Engineer, 159, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2006.159.4.185
  49. Mell, I. C., 2009, Can green infrastructure promote urban sustainability?, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 162,23-34. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2009.162.1.23
  50. Metro, 2010, People, places, open spaces, http://www. oregonmetro.gov.
  51. Moser, S., 2006, Talk of the city: Engaging urbanites on climate change, Environmental Research Letters, 1, 10 Article number 014006 (doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/1/1/014006).
  52. Mote, P. W., and Salathe, E. P., Jr., 2009, Future Climate in the Pacific Northwest. Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
  53. Muller, M., 2007, Adapting to climate change: Water management for urban resilience, Environment and Urbanization, 19(1), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076726
  54. National Research Council (NRC), 2008, Urban Stormwater Management in the United States , National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  55. Neighborhood Trees Project, 2006, Neighborhood Trees Project, Portland, OR, http://www.homedepot foundation.org/pdfs/friendsoftrees_3.pdf.
  56. New York City, 2007, PLANYC 2030, http://www.nyc. gov/html/planyc2030/html/plan/climate.shtml.
  57. Oregon Department of Transportation, 2010, Oregon motor vehicle registrations by county, http:// www.oregon.gov/ODOT/DMV/index.shtml.
  58. Parker, P. and Rowlands, I. H., 2007, City partners maintain climate change action despite national cuts: Residential energy efficiency program valued at local level, Local Environment, 12(5), 505-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701656853
  59. Population Research Center, 2009, Certified Population Estimates accessed on March 3, 2010. http:// www.pdx.edu/prc/
  60. Revi, A., 2008, Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities, Environment and Urbanization, 20(1), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089157
  61. Romero-Lankao, P., 2007, How do local governments in Mexico City manage global warming?, Local Environment, 12(5), 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701656887
  62. Roy, M., 2009, Planning for sustainable urbanization in fast growing cities: Mitigation and adaptation issues addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Habitat International, 33, 276-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.022
  63. Ruth, M. and Coelho, D., 2007, Understanding and managing the complexity of urban systems under climate change, Climate Policy, 7, 317-336. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0716
  64. San Francisco Department of Environment, 2004, San Francisco Climate Action Plan, http://www. sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/climateacti onplan.pdf.
  65. Scheuer, C. W. and Koeleian, G. A., 2002, Evaluation of LEEDTM, Using Life Cycle Assessment Methods, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
  66. Shaw, A., Sheppard, S., Burch, S., Flanders, D., Wiek, A., Carmichael, J., Robinson, J., and Cohen, S., 2009, Making local futures tangible - Synthesizing, downscaling, and visualizing climate change scenarios for participatory capacity building, Global Environmental Change, 19, 447-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.002
  67. Solarize Portland, 2010, http://www.solarizeportland. org/.
  68. Southeast Uplift Neighborhood Coalition, 2010, http:// www.southeastuplift.org/about_us.
  69. Sunnyside Neighborhood Association, 2010, http://www.sunnysideneighborhood.com.
  70. Swart, R. and Raes, F., 2007, Making integration of adaptation and mitigation work: Mainstreaming into sustainable development policies?, Climate Policy, 7, 288-303. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0714
  71. Tri-Met, 2010a, Tri-Met fact sheet http://trimet.org/ pdfs/publications/factsheet.pdf (accessed on March 5, 2010)
  72. Tri-Met, 2010b, Tri-Met System Map. http://trimet.org/maps/trimetsystem.htm (accessed on March 14,2010)
  73. Town and County Planning Association, 2004, Biodiversity by Design: A Guide for Sustainable Communities, TCPA, London.
  74. Turner II, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Meyer, W. B., Dow, K. M., Golding, D., Kasperson, J. X., Mitchell, R. C., and Ratick, S. J., 1990, Two types of global environmental change: Definitional and spatialscale issues in their human dimensions, Global Environmental Change, 1, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(90)90004-S
  75. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2008, Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world, Human Development Report 2007/2008, Chapter 4: Adapting to the inevitable: national action and international cooperation, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007- 2008/.
  76. United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), 2009, Blueprint for legislative action: Consensus recommendations for U.S. climate protection legislation.
  77. Wilbanks, T, 2007, Scale and sustainability, Climate Policy, 7, 278-287. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2007.0713
  78. Wilby, R. L., 2007, A review of climate change impacts on the built nvironment, Built Environment, 33(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.1.31
  79. Works, M. and Harvey, T., 2005, Can the way we eat change metropolitan agriculture? The Portland example, Terrain.org: A Journal of the Built and Natural Environments, 17, 134-145.