Gender Differences in the Diurnal Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol in Adolescents : Area under the curve analysis

청소년의 성별에 따른 Cortisol 분비의 일주기 차이 : 반복측정에 따른 Area Under the Curve 분석법 사용

  • Lee, Sang-Kwan (Dept. of Inernal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Oriental Medicine, Won-Kwang University)
  • Published : 2010.12.30

Abstract

Purpose : This study investigated the diurnal rhythm of cortisol in male and female adolescents. Methods : Salivary cortisol was examined in 52 normally developing subjects aged 13 to 14 years. Subjects provided saliva samples at 08:00h, 12:00h, 16:00h and 20:00h. Results : Males and females showed similar pattern of cortisol, which elevated cortisol in the morning and decreased in the evening. There were no differences of gender at 08:00h, 12;00h and 20:00h. There were also not difference between males and females using an area under the curve analysis. Conclusions : The same diurnal cortisol rhythm were found in male and female adolescents. Further research is needed to examine differences of gender in cortisol awakening response.

Keywords

References

  1. 박찬국. 懸吐國譯 黃帝內經素問注釋. 上. 서울:경희대학교출판국; 1998, p.25-20.
  2. Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002;418(6901):935-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00965
  3. VanderLeest HT, Houben T, Michel S, Deboer T, Albus H, Vansteensel MJ, Block GD, Meijer JH. Seasonal encoding by the circadian pacemaker of the SCN. Curr Biol. 2007;17(5):468-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.048
  4. Herzog ED. Neurons and networks in daily rhythms. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(10):790-802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2215
  5. Laposky AD, Bass J, Kohsaka A, Turek FW. Sleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(1):142-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.079
  6. Hucklebridge F, Hussain T, Evans P, Clow A. The diurnal patterns of the adrenal steroids cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(1):51-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.007
  7. Price DA, Close GC, Fielding BA. Age of appearance of circadian rhythm in salivary cortisol values in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1983;58(6):454-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.58.6.454
  8. Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH, Buske -Kirschbaum A, von Auer K, Jobst S, Kaspers F, Kirschbaum C. Free cortisol levels after awakening: A reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci. 1997;61(26)2539-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4
  9. Weitzman ED, Fukushima D, Nogeire C, Roffwarg H, Gallagher TF, Hellman L. Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971;33(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-33-1-14
  10. Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. Neuroendocrine aspects of the response to stress. Metabolism. 2002;51(6 Suppl 1):5-10.
  11. Johnson KL, Rn CR. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in critical illness. AACN Clin Issues 2006;17(1):39-49. https://doi.org/10.1097/00044067-200601000-00006
  12. Jefferies WM. Cortisol and immunity. Med Hypotheses. 1991;34(3):198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(91)90212-H
  13. Schleimer RP. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(5 Suppl):S270-4.
  14. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Bjorntorp P. Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(6):1853-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.6.1853
  15. de Kloet ER. Hormones, brain and stress. Endocr Regul. 2003;37(2):51-68.
  16. DeSantis AS, Adam EK, Doane LD, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG. Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41(1):3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.006
  17. Netherton C, Goodyer I, Tamplin A, Herbert J. Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;29(2):125-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00150-6
  18. Hauner KK, Adam EK, Mineka S, Doane LD, DeSantis AS, Zinbarg R, Craske M, Griffith JW. Neuroticism and introversion are associated with salivary cortisol patterns in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(10):1344-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.07.011
  19. Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(3):379-88. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2007.48.3.379
  20. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19(4):313-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
  21. Ellison PT. Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988;31(S9):114-42.
  22. Gozansky WS, Lynn JS, Laudenslager ML, Kohrt WM. Salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(3):336-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02349.x
  23. Kwon HB, Ahn RS. Relative roles of theca and granulosa cells in ovarian follicular steroidogenesis in the amphibian, Rana nigromaculata. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1994;94(2):207-14. https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1994.1077
  24. Hindmarsh KW, Tan L, Sankaran K, Laxdal VA. Diurnal rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and beta-endorphin levels in neonates and adults. West J Med. 1989;151(2):153-6.
  25. Knutsson U, Dahlgren J, Marcus C, Rosberg S, Bronnegard M, Stierna P, Albertsson-Wikland K. Circadian cortisol rhythms in healthy boys and girls: relationship with age, growth, body composition, and pubertal development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(2):536-40. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.2.536
  26. Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(3):307-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.009
  27. Pruessner JC, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, Hellhammer DH. Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28(7):916-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7
  28. Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance, Stress. 2004;7(1):29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205
  29. Edwards S, Clow A, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Life Sci. 2001;68(18):2093-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)00996-1
  30. Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response(CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;72(1):67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014
  31. Weibel L. Methodological guidelines for the use of salivary cortisol as biological marker of stress. Presse Med. 2003;32(18):845-51.
  32. Meulenberg PM, Hofman JA. The effect of oral contraceptive use and pregnancy on the daily rhythm of cortisol and cortisone. Clin Chim Acta. 1990;190(3):211-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(90)90175-R
  33. Patel RS, Shaw SR, Macintyre H, McGarry GW, Wallace AM. Production of gender-specific morning salivary cortisol reference intervals using internationally accepted procedures. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004;42(12):1424-29. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2004.264
  34. Goodyer IM, Park RJ, Netherton CM, Herbert J. Possible role of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in human development and psychopathology. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:243-9. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.3.243
  35. Levine ME, Milliron AN, Duffy LK. Diurnal and seasonal rhythms of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in interior Alaska. Arctic Med Res. 1994;53(1):25-34.
  36. Vining RF, McGinley RA, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. Salivary cortisol: A better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem. 1983;20(Pt 6):329-35.
  37. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. 2009;34(2):163-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026
  38. Pruessner JC, Gaab J, Hellhammer DH, Lintz D, Schommer N, Kirschbaum C. Increasing correlations between personality traits and cortisol stress responses obtained by data aggregation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(8):615-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00072-3
  39. Rohleder N, Joksimovic L, Wolf JM, Kirschbaum C. Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-Inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(7):745-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.018
  40. Webb WB, Agnew HW Jr. Are we chronically sleep deprived. Bull Psychon Soc. 1975;6(1):47-8.