Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
권호 표지

Bioassessment and Comparison of Toxicity of Arsenics based on the Results of Various Bioassays

다양한 생물 검정법에 근거한 비소의 위해성 평가 비교

  • Kong, In-Chul (Department of Environmental Engineerting, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Kwon, Hyo-Jung (Department of Environmental Engineerting, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Ko, Kyung-Seok (Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM))
  • 공인철 (영남대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 권효정 (영남대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 고경석 (한국지질자원연구원 지구환경연구본부)
  • Received : 2010.10.28
  • Accepted : 2010.08.30
  • Published : 2010.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The acute toxicity of arsenic compounds was assessed and compared using following four bioassays; bioluminescence activity of the recombinant strain RB1436, germination of four different seeds, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity produced by Bacillus lichemiformis, acute genetic revertant mutation using mutant strain Salmonella typhimurium. Different sensitivities were observed among tested bioassays, but generally the toxicity by arsenite was greater than that of arsenate. Among tested four seeds, sensitivities of Lactucus and Raphanus were greater than others, and these two seed types were appeared as proper type for bioassay. High revertant mutation ratio (5.1) was observed with 1 mg/L arsenite, indicating high mutagenicity. The sensitivity of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity on arsenic compounds was much lower than other methods. The evaluation of interactive toxic effects using various bioassays may comprise a useful tool for the bioassessment of environmental pollutants.

본 연구에서는 4종류의 상이한 생물 검정법(유전자 재조합 균주 RB1436 발광 활성, 4종 씨앗 발아, Bacillus lichemiformis의 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 효소 활성, Salmonella typhimurium이용한 Ames test)을 이용하여 비소 화합물의 독성을 평가하였다. 검정법에 따라 상이한 민감도를 보였지만, 전체적으로 As(III)가 As(V)보다 높은 독성을 나타내었다. 씨앗 4종의 발아에 대한 민감도는 씨앗에 따라 상이하게 조사되었다. 상추(Lactucus)와 알타리무(Raphanus) 씨앗종이 대체적으로 높은 민감도를 보였으며 검정법에 적절한 씨앗종으로 조사되었다. 유전자 변이 검정법에서는 As(III)에 대해서는 1 mg/L 농도에서 TA 98 균주는 높은 복귀돌연변이 현상(MR = 5.1)이 조사되어, 높은 발암 가능성을 나타내었다. 비소화합물에 대해서 방법별 민감도는 일반적으로 효소 이외에는 높은 민감도를 나타내었다. 다양한 급성 독성 생물 검정법에 대한 통합 자료는 향후 오염원에 대한 독성 생물 평가에 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. 이진수, Klinck, B., 전효택, "비소 및 독성중금속들의 인체위해성 평가 모델링," 한국자원공학회지, 38(2), 136-145 (2001).
  2. 황은하, 위수민, 이평구, 최상훈, "서성 연-아연광산주변농경지 토양의 중금속 오염연구," 한국토양환경학회지, 5, 67-85(2000).
  3. The World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quaility, vol 1, WHO, Geneva(1993).
  4. Liu, X., Zhang, S., Shan, X. and Zhu, Y.G., "Toxicity of arsenate and arsenite on germination, sedling growth and amylolytic activity of wheat," Chemosphere, 61, 293-301 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.088
  5. Smith, E., Naidu, R. and Alston, A. M., "Arsenic in the soil environment: a review," Adv. Agronom., 64, 149-195 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60504-0
  6. Sharma, V.K. and Sohn, M., "Aqautic arsenic: Toxicity, speciation, transformations, and remediation," Environ. Int., 35, 743-759(1009).
  7. Aposhian, H. V. and Aposhian, M. M., "Arsenic toxicology: five questions," Chem. Res. Toxicol., 19, 1-15(2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/tx050106d
  8. 방선백, 김세영, 김경웅, 배일주, "수용액에서의 비소종의 분리와 결정," 환경공동학술대회(2007).
  9. Bitton, G., Wasterwater Microbiology, 2nd ed., Wiley-Liss, Inc.(1999).
  10. Mankiewicz-Boczek, J., Nalecz-Jawecki, G., Drobniewska, A., Kaza, M., Sumorok, B., Izydorczyk, K., Zalewski, M. and Sawicki, J., "Application of a microbiotests battery for complete toxicity assessment of rivers," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 71, 830-836(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.023
  11. Kungolos, A., Emmanuil, C., Tsiridis, V. and Tsiropoulos, N., "Evaluation of toxic interactive toxic effects of three agrochemicals and copper using a battery of microbiotests," Sci. Tot. Environ., 407, 4610-4613(2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.038
  12. US. EPA 1996. Ecological Effects Test Guidelines - seed germination/root elongation toxicity test. EPA 712-C-96-154.
  13. Mortelmans, K. and Zeiger, E., "The Ames Salmonella/ microsome mutagenicity assay," Mut. Res., 455, 29-60(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6
  14. 정현옥, 강명규, 나춘기, 이성희, 독성학 개론, 동화기술 (1996).
  15. An, Y.-J., "Soil ecotoxicity assessment using cadmium sensitive plants," Environ. Pollut., 127, 21-26(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00263-X
  16. US. EPA. 1994. Using toxicity tests in ecological risk assessment. No 9345.0-051.
  17. Chang, K. N., Lee, T. C., Tam, M. F. and Chen, Y. C., "Identification of falectine I and thioredoxin peroxidase II as two arsenic-binding proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells," Biochem., 371, 495-503(2003). https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20021354
  18. Suzuki, N., Naranmandura, H., Hirano, S. and Suzuki, L. T., "Theoretical calculations and reaction analysis on the interaction of pentavelent thioarsenicals with biorelevant thiol compounds," Chem. Res. Toxicol., 21, 550-553(2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700346z
  19. Cheng, Y., Chang, L. W. and Tsou, T. C., "Mirogen-activated protein kinases mediate arsenic-induced down regulation of survivin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells," Arch. Toxicol., 80, 310-318(2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-005-0045-1
  20. Dutton, R. L., Bitton, G., Koopman, B, and Agami, O., "Effect of environmental toxicants on enzyme biosysthesis: A comparison of $\beta$-galactosidase, ɑ-glucosidase and tryptophanase," Arch.. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 19, 395-398 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01054984
  21. Kong, I. C., Bitton, G., Koopman, B. and Jung, K. H., "Heavy metal toxicity testing in environmental samples," Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 142, 119-147(1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4252-9_5
  22. Abedin, M. D. J. and Meharg, A. A., "Relative toxicity of arsenite and arsenate on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.)," Plant Soil., 243, 57-66(2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019918100451
  23. 이종삼, 김용진, 한상국, "Ames test를 이용한 소각잔사 혼입 매립지 침출수 처리공정수의 돌연변이원성 평가," 한국폐기물학회지, 24(3), 211-218(2007).
  24. Mathur, M., Bhatnagar, P., Mohan, K., Bakre P., Nagar and Bijarnia, M., "Mutagenicity evaluation of industrial sludge from common effluent treatment plant," Chemosphere, 67, 1229-1235(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.073