DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Spatial Luminance Contrast Sensitivity: Effects of Surround

  • Kim, Youn-Jin (Digital Media & Communications Research Center, Samsung Electronics Company) ;
  • Kim, Hong-Suk (Department of Physics, Daejin University)
  • 투고 : 2010.03.30
  • 심사 : 2010.04.26
  • 발행 : 2010.06.25

초록

This study examined the effects of surround luminance on the shape of the spatial luminance contrast sensitivity function (CSF). The reduction in brightness of uniform neutral patches shown on a computer controlled display screen is also assessed to explain the change of CSF shape. Consequently, a large amount of reduction in contrast sensitivity at middle spatial frequencies can be observed; however, the reduction is relatively small for low spatial frequencies. In general, the effect of surround luminance on the CSF appears similar to that of mean luminance. Reduced CSF responses result in less power of the filtered image; therefore, the stimulus should appear dimmer with a higher surround luminance.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. D. M. Dacey and B. B. Lee, “The blue-on opponent pathway in the primate retina originates from a distinct bistratified ganglion cell,” Nature 367, 731-735 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1038/367731a0
  2. F. L. van Nes and M. A. Bouman, “Spatial modulation transfer in the human eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 401-406 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.57.000401
  3. C. Enroth-Cugell and J. G. Robson, “The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat,” J. Physiol. 187, 517-552 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp008107
  4. F. W. Campbell and D. G. Green, “Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution,” J. Physiol. 181, 576-593 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007784
  5. O. Braddick, F. W. Campbell, and J. Atkinson, “Channels in vision: basic aspects,” in Handbook of Sensory Physiology, R. Held, H. W. Leibowitz, and H.-L. Teuber, eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 1978), vol. 8.
  6. N. Graham, “Spatial-frequency channels in human vision: detecting edges without edge-detectors,” in Visual Coding and Adaptability, C. S. Harris, ed. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1980).
  7. O. H. Schade, “Optical and photoelectric analog of the eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46, 721-739 (1956). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.46.000721
  8. S. Westland, H. Owens, V. Cheung, and I. Paterson-Stephens, “Model of luminance contrast-sensitivity function for application to image assessment,” Col. Res. Appl. 31, 315-319 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20230
  9. B. A. Wandell, Foundations of Vision (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA, 1995).
  10. E. Martinez-Uriegas, Spatial and Temporal Problems of Colorimetry (CIE, Vienna, Switzerland, 2006), Chapter 3.
  11. F. W. Campbell and J. G. Robson, “Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings,” J. Physiol. 197, 551-566 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008574
  12. A. B. Watson, “Visual detection of spatial contrast patterns:evaluation of five simple models,” Opt. Exp. 6, 12-33 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.6.000012
  13. E. Martinez-Uriegas, J. O. Larimer, J. Lubin, and J. Gille, “Evaluation of image compression artefacts with ViDEOS, a CAD system for LCD color display design and testing,” Proc. SPIE 2411, 74-82 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207561
  14. P. G. J. Barten, Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye and Its Effects on Image Quality (SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, USA, 1999).
  15. A. M. Rohaly and G. Buchsbaum, “Global spatiochromatic mechanism accounting for luminance variations in contrast sensitivity functions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 312-317 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.6.000312
  16. A. S. Patel, “Spatial resolution by the human visual system,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 689-694 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.56.000689
  17. R. L. de Valois, H. Morgan, and D. M. Snodderly, “Psychophysicalstudies of monkey vision – III. Spatial luminance contrast sensitivity tests of macaque and human observers,” Vision Res. 14, 75-81 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(74)90118-7
  18. C. Owsley, R. Sekuler, and D. Siemsen, “Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood,” Vision Res. 23, 689-699 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(83)90210-9
  19. U. Tulunay-Keesey, J. N. V. Hoever, and C. Terkla-McGrane, “Threshold and suprathreshold spatiotemporal response throughout adulthood,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 2191-2200 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.5.002191
  20. K. E. Higgins, M. J. Jaffe, R. C. Caruso, and F. DeMonasterio, “Spatial contrast sensitivity: effects of age, test-retest, and psychophysical method,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 2173-2180 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.5.002173
  21. A. M. Rohaly and C. Owsley, “Modeling the contrastsensitivity functions of older adults,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 1591-1599 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.10.001591
  22. S. Pardhan, “Contrast sensitivity loss with aging: sampling efficiency and equivalent noise at different spatial frequencies,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 169-175 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.21.000169
  23. J. Rovamo, V. Virsu, and R. Nasanen, “Cortical magnification factor predicts the photopic contrast sensitivity of peripheral vision,” Nature 271, 54-56 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1038/271054a0
  24. J. J. Koenderink, M. A. Bouman, A. E. B. de Mesquita, and S. Slappendale, “Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns, Parts I. The near peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0-8),” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 845-865 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.68.000845
  25. M. J. Wright and A. Johnston, “Spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity and visual field locus,” Vision Res. 23, 983-989 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(83)90008-1
  26. A. Johnston, “Spatial scaling of central and peripheral contrast-sensitivity functions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 1583-1593 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.4.001583
  27. M. D. Fairchild and G. M. Johnson, “Measurement and modeling of adaptation to noise in image,” J. Soc. Inf. Dis. 15, 639-647 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1889/1.2785197
  28. K. B. Burton, C. Owsley, and M. E. Sloane, “Aging and neural spatial contrast sensitivity: photopic vision,” Vision Res. 33, 939-946 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90077-A
  29. D. M. Snodderly, R. S. Weinhaus, and J. C. Choi, “Neuralvascular relationships in central retina of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis),” J. Neurosci. 12, 1169-1193 (1992).
  30. M. J. Cox, J. H. Norma, and P. Norman, “The effect of surround luminance on measurements of contrast snesitivity,” Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 19, 401-414 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.1999.00457.x
  31. Z. Li, A. K. Bhomik, and P. J. Bos, “Introduction to mobile displays,” in Mobile Displays Technology and Applications (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2008).
  32. S. Palmer, Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1999).
  33. S. Daly, “The visible differences predictor: an algorithm for the assessment of image fidelity,” in Digital Images and Human Vision, A. B. Watson, ed. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993).
  34. X. M. Zhang and B. A. Wandell, “A spatial extension to CIELAB for digital color image reproduction,” SID Digest 27, 731-734 (1996).
  35. Z. Wang and A. C. Bovik, Modern Image Quality Assessment (Morgan & Claypool Publishers, NJ, USA, 2006).
  36. E. Peli, “Test of a model of foveal vision by using simulations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 1131-1138 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.13.001131
  37. E. Peli, “Contrast sensitivity function and image discrimination,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 283-293 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.18.000283
  38. G. Yoon and D. R. Williams, “Visual performance after correcting the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations of the eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 266-275 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.19.000266
  39. Y. J. Kim, M. R. Luo, W. Choe, H. S. Kim, S. O. Park, Y. Baek, P. Rhodes, S. Lee, and C. Kim, “Factors affecting the psychophysical image quality evaluation of mobile phone display: the case of transmissive LCD,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25, 2215-2222 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.25.002215
  40. Y. J. Kim, M. R. Luo, P. Rhodes, S. Westland, W. Choe, S. Lee, S. Lee, Y. Kwak, D. Park, and C. Kim, “Imagecolour quality modelling under various surround conditions for a 2-inch mobile transmissive LCD,” J. Soc. Inf. Dis. 15, 691-698 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1889/1.2785202
  41. S. Kitaguchi, L. MacDonald, and S. Westland, “Evaluating contrast sensitivity,” Proc. SPIE 6057, 22-31 (2006).
  42. M. D. Fairchild and L. Reniff, “Time-course of chromatic adaptation for color-appearance judgements,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 824-833 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.12.000824
  43. B. Blakeslee, D. Reetz, and M. E. McCourt, “Comping to terms with lightness and brightness: effects of stimulus configuration and instructions on brightness and lightness judgments,” J. Vision 8, 1-14 (2008).
  44. ITU-R Rec. BT. 500-10, Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures, Geneva, Switzerland (2002).
  45. H. J. Lee, D. W. Choi, E. Lee, S. Y. Kim, M. Shin, S. A. Yang, S. B. Lee, H. Y. Lee, and B. H. Berkeley, “Image sticking methods for OLED TV applications,” in Proc. IMID (Ilsan, Korea, Oct. 2009), pp. 1077-1080.
  46. M. R. Luo, G. Cui, and C. Li, “Uniform colour spaces based on CIECAM02 colour appearance model,” Col. Res. Appl. 31, 320-330 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20227
  47. P. G. J. Barten, “Resolution of liquid-crystal displays,” SID Digest 22, 772-775 (1991).
  48. H. Wallach, “Brightness constancy and the nature of achromatic colors,” J. Exptl. Psychol. 38, 310-324 (1948). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0053804
  49. E. G. Heinemann, “Simultaneous brightness induction as a function of inducing and test-field luminances,” J. Exptl. Psychol. 50, 89-96 (1955). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040919
  50. D. Jameson and L. M. Hurvich, “Complexities of perceived brightness,” Science 133, 174-179 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3447.174
  51. R. S. Woodworth and H. Schlosberg, Experimental Psychology (Holt, New York, USA, 1954).
  52. D. Jameson and L. M. Hurvich, “Perceived color and its dependence on focal, surrounding, and preceding stimulus variables,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 890-898 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.49.000890
  53. W. A. Stiehl, J. J. McCann, and R. L. Savoy, “Influence of intraocular scattered light on lightness-scaling experiments,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1143-1148 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.73.001143
  54. G. Westheimer and J. Liang, “Influence of ocular light scatter on the eye’s optical performance,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1417-1424 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.12.001417
  55. P. G. Barten, “Evaluation of subjective image quality with the square-root integral method,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 2024-2031 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.7.002024
  56. Y. J. Kim, Y. Bang, and H. Choh, “Gradient approach to quantify the gradation smoothness for output media,” J. Electron. Img. 19, 011012 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3271139
  57. Y. J. Kim, Y. Bang, and H. Choh, “Measurement and modelling of vividness perception and observer preference for color laser printer quality,” J. Img. Sci. Tech. 54, 010501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2010.54.1.010501
  58. M. R. Luo, G. Cui, and B. Rigg, “The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE 2000,” Col. Res. Appl. 26, 340-350 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1002/col.1049
  59. L. E. Arend and B. Spehar, “Lightness, brightness and brightness contrast: I. Illumination variation,” Percept. Psychophys. 54, 446-456 (1993). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211767
  60. L. E. Arend and B. Spehar, “Lightness, brightness and brightness contrast: II. Reflectance variation,” Percept. Psychophys. 54, 457-468 (1993). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211768
  61. M. E. Rudd and D. Popa, “Stevens’s brightness law, contrast gain control, and edge integration in achromatic color perception: a unified model,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 2766-2782 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.24.002766
  62. Q. Sun and M. D. Fairchild, “Image quality analysis for visible spectral imaging systems,” J. Img. Sci. Tech. 48, 211-221 (2004).

피인용 문헌

  1. Light adaptation in letter contrast sensitivity: The influence of optical and neural mechanisms vol.46, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153513484633
  2. Fast image enhancement method for display images in ambient light vol.33, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.33.000228
  3. Determination of the Perceived Contrast Compensation Ratio for a Wide Range of Surround Luminance vol.18, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3807/JOSK.2014.18.1.089
  4. A Perceived Contrast Compensation Method Adaptive to Surround Luminance Variation for Mobile Phones vol.18, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3807/JOSK.2014.18.6.809
  5. Border detection in various levels of surround luminance vol.24, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsid.410
  6. A method for image quality evaluation considering adaptation to luminance of surround and noise in stimuli vol.17, pp.5, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-010-0084-6
  7. Measuring of the Perceptibility and Acceptability in Various Color Quality Measures vol.15, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3807/JOSK.2011.15.3.310
  8. An automatic image enhancement method adaptive to the surround luminance variation for small sized mobile transmissive LCD vol.56, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2010.5606241