Animal cells and systems

The Korean Society for Integrative Biology (한국통합생물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of transgenic watermelon with CGMMV resistance on the diversity of soil microbial communities using PLFA

  • Yi, Hoon-Bok (Bio-evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology) ;
  • Kim, Chang-Gi (Bio-evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology)
  • Received : 2010.03.23
  • Accepted : 2010.06.21
  • Published : 2010.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We compared the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) to assess the microbial community structure in the soil and rhizosphere community of non-transgenic watermelons and transgenic watermelons in Miryang farmlands in Korea during the spring and summer of 2005. The PLFA data were seasonally examined for the number of PLFA to determine whether there is any difference in the microbial community in soils from two types of watermelons, non-transgenic and transgenic. We identified 78 PLFAs from the rhizosphere samples of the two types of watermelons. We found eight different PLFAs for the type of plants and sixteen PLFAs for the interaction of plant type and season. The PLFA data were analyzed by analysis of variance separated by plant type (P<0.0085), season (P<0.0154), and the plant type${\times}$season interaction (P<0.1595). Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (NMS showed a small apparent difference but multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) confirmed that there was no difference in microbial community structure for soils of both plant types. Conclusively, there was no significant adverse effect of transgenic watermelon on bacterial and fungal relative abundance as measured by PLFA. We could reject our hypothesis that there might be an adverse effect from transgenic watermelon with our statistical results. Therefore, we can suggest the use of this PLFA methodology to examine the adverse effects of transgenic plants on the soil microbial community.

Keywords

References

  1. Atlas RM, Bartha R. 1993. Microbial ecology: fundamentals and applications. 4th edition. Benjamin Cummings. 640 pp.
  2. Badosa E, Moreno C, Montesinos E. 2004. Lack of detection of ampicillin resistance gene transfer from Bt176 transgenic corn to culturable bacteria under field conditions. FEMS Microb Ecol. 48:169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.01.005
  3. Beals EW. 1984. Bray-Curtis ordination: an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data. Adv Ecol Res 14:1-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60168-3
  4. Biondini ME, Mielke PW Jr, Berry KJ. 1988. Data-dependent permutation techniques for the analysis of ecological data. Vegetatio 75:161-168.
  5. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 37:911-917. https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
  6. Brimecombe MJ, De Leij FA, Lynch JM. 2001. The effect of root exudates on rhizosphere microbial populations. In: Willig S, Uaranini Z, Nanniperi P, editors. The rhizosphere: biochemistry and organic substances at the soilplant interface. New York: Marcel-Dekker. p. 95-140.
  7. Chaer GM, Fernandes MF, Myrold DD, Bottomley PJ. 2009. Shifts in microbial community composition and physiological profiles across a gradient of induced soil degradation. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 73:1327-1334.
  8. Conner AJ, Glare TR, Nap JP. 2003. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment, Part II. Overview of ecological risk assessment. Plant J. 33:19-46. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2002.001607.x
  9. Dale PJ, Clarke B, Fontes EMG. 2002. Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic crops. Nat Biotechnol 20:567-574.
  10. Di Cello F, Bevivino A, Chiarini L, Fani R, Paffeti D, Tavacchioni S, Dalmastri C. 1997. Biodiversity of a Burkholderia cepacia population isolated from the maize rhizosphere at different plant growth stages. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:4485-4493.
  11. Dıez B, Pedros-Alio C, Marsh TL, Massana R. 2001. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to study the diversity of marine picoeukaryotic assemblages and comparison of DGGE with other molecular techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2942-2951. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.7.2942-2951.2001
  12. Dunfield KE, Germida JJ. 2003. Seasonal changes in the rhizosphere microbial communities associated with fieldgrown genetically modified Canola (Brassica napus). Appl Environ Microbiolm. 69:7310-7318. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.12.7310-7318.2003
  13. Fraley R. 1992. Sustaining the Food Supply. Bio/Technology. 10:40-43. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0192-40
  14. Grayston SJ, Griffith GS, Mawdsley JL, Campbell CD, Bardgett RD. 2001. Accounting for variability in soil microbial communities of temperate upland grassland ecosystems. Soil Biol Biochem. 33:533-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00194-2
  15. Griffiths BS, Geoghegan IE, Robertson WM. 2000. Testing genetically engineered potato, producing the lectins GNA and Con A, on non-target soil organisms and processes. J Appl Ecol. 37:159-170.
  16. Guckert JB, Antworth CP, Nichols PD, Whithe DC. 1985. Phospholipid, ester-linked fatty acid profiles as reproducible assays for changes in prokaryotic community structure of estuarine sediments. FEMS Microb Ecol. 31:147-158.
  17. Heuer J, Kroppenstedt RM, Lottmann J, Berg G, Smalla K. 2002. Effects of T4 lysozyme release from transgenic potato roots on bacterial rhizosphere communities are negligible relative to natural factors. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68:1325-1335. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.3.1325-1335.2002
  18. James C 2001. Global review of commercialized transgenic crops. ISSA Briefs 24.
  19. Janus LR, Angeloni NL, McCormack J, Rier ST, Tuchman NC, Kelly JJ. 2005. Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters soil microbial communities associated with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) roots. Microb Ecol. 50:102-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-004-0120-9
  20. Kelly JJ, Haggblom M, Tate RL. 1999. Changes in soil microbial communities over time resulting from one time application of zinc: a laboratory microcosm study. Soil Biol Biochem. 31:1455-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00059-0
  21. Lee KY. 1996. Current occurrence and control of CGMMV'Konjak' disease. Plant Disease Agri. 2:38-39.
  22. Lee KY, Lee BC, Park HC. 1990. Occurrence of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease of watermelon in Korea. Korean J Plant Path. 6:250-255.
  23. Li XG, Liu B, Heia S, Liu DD, Han ZM, Zhou KX, Cui JJ, Luo JY, Zheng YP. 2009. The effect of root exudates from two transgenic insect-resistant cotton lines on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Transgenic Res. 18:757-767.
  24. Lord NS, Kaplan CW, Shank P, Kitts CL, Elrod SL. 2002. Assessment of fungal diversity using terminal restriction fragment (TRF) pattern analysis: comparison of 18S and ITS ribosomal regions. FEMS Microb Ecol. 42:327-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb01022.x
  25. Lottmann J, Heuer H, Smalla K, Berg G. 1999. Influence of transgenic T4 lysozyme-producing potato plants on potentially beneficial plant associated bacterial. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 29:365-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00627.x
  26. Lottmann J, Heuer H, de Vries J, Mahn A, During K, Wackernagel W, Smalla K, Berg G. 2000. Establishment of introduced antagonistic bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect of the bacterial community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 33:41-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00725.x
  27. Mather PM. 1976. Computational methods of multivariate analysis in physical geography. London: Wiley and Sons.
  28. McCune B, Grace JB. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. Oregon, USA: MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach.
  29. McKinley VL, Peacock AD, White DC. 2005. Microbial community PLFA and PHB responses to ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils. Soil Biol Biochem. 37:1946-1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.02.033
  30. MIDI Inc. 2002. Microbial identification system: MIS operating manual, Version 4.5. Newark (DE).
  31. Muruganandam S, Israel DW, Robarge WP. 2009. Nitrogen transformations and microbial communities in soil aggregates from three tillage systems. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 74:120-129.
  32. Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G. 2003. Microbial diversity and soil functions. Europ J Soil Sci. 54:655-670. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0556.x
  33. Nap JP, Metz PLJ, Escaler M, Conner AJ. 2003. The release of genetically modified crops into the environment, Part I. Overview of current status and regulations. Plant J. 33:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2003.01602.x
  34. Park S, Ku YK, Seo MJ, Kim DY, Yeon JE, Jeong S-C, Yoon WK, Kim HM. 2006. The characterization of bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris SCHARD.) using culture-based approaches and terminal fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Agric Ecosyst Environ. Appl Soil Ecol. 33:79-86.
  35. Park SM, Lee JS, Jegal S, Jeon BY, Jung M, Park YS, Han SL, Shin YS, Her NH, Lee JH, et al. 2005. Transgenic watermelon rootstock resistant to CGMMV (cucumber green mottle mosaic virus) infection. Plant Cell Rep. 24:350-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0946-8
  36. Rajendran N, Matsuda O, Urushigawa Y, Simidu U. 1994. Characterization of microbial community structure in the surface sediment of Osaka bay, Japan, by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60:248-257.
  37. Rees GN, Baldwin DS,Watson GO, Perryman S, Nielsen DL. 2004. Ordination and significance testing of microbial community composition derived from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms: application of multivariate statistics. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Inter J Gen Mol Microbiol. 86:339-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-004-0498-x
  38. Ritchie NJ, Schutter ME, Dick RP, Myrold RD. 2000. Use of length heterogeneity PCR and fatty acid methyl ester profiles to characterized microbial communities in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:1668-1675. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.4.1668-1675.2000
  39. SAS Institute. 2001. PROC user's manual. 6th ed. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute.
  40. Siciliano SD, Theoret CM, de Freitas JR, Hucl PJ, Germida JJ. 1998. Differences in the microbial communities associated with the roots of different cultivars of canola and wheat. Can J Microbiol. 44:844-851. https://doi.org/10.1139/w98-075
  41. Siciliano SD, Germida JJ. 1999. Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field-grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the nontransgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 29:263-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00617.x
  42. Smalla K, Wieland G, Buchner A, Zock A, Parzy J, Kaiser S, Roskot N, Heuer H, Berg G. 2001. Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:4742-4751. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.10.4742-4751.2001
  43. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. 1994. Biometry. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
  44. Van Hannen EJ, Zwart GJM, van Agterveld MP, Gons HJ, Ebert J, Laanbroek HJ. 1999. Changes in bacterial and eukaryotic community structure after mass lysis of filamentous canobacteria associated with viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65:795-801.
  45. White DC, Davis WM, Nickels JS, King JD, Bobbie RJ. 1979. Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia. 40:51-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388810
  46. Wilkinson S, Anderson J, Scardelis S, Tisiafouli M, Taylor A, Wolters V. 2002. PLFA profiles of microbial communities in decomposing conifer litters subject to moisture stress. Soil Biol Biochem. 34:189-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00168-7
  47. Yi HB, Park JE, Kwon MC, Park SK, Kim CG, Jeong SC, Yoon WK, Park SM, Han SL, Harn CH, Kim HM. 2006. Environmental risk assessment of watermelon grafted onto transgenic rootstock resistant to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on non-target insects in conventional agro-ecosystem. J Ecol Field Biol. 29:323- 330. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2006.29.4.323
  48. Yi HB, Kim HJ, Kim CG, Harn CH, Kim HM, Park SK. 2009. Using T-RFLP to assess the impact on soil microbial communities by transgenic lines of watermelon rootstock resistant to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). J Plant Biol. 52:577-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-009-9075-1
  49. Youk ES, Pack IS, Kim Y-J, Yoon WK, Kim C-G, Ryu SB, Harn CH, Jeong S-C, Kim HM. 2009. A framework for molecular genetic assessment of a transgenic watermelon rootstock line. Plant Sci. 176:805-811.