Smart Structures and Systems

  • 제6권7호
  • /
  • Pages.851-866
  • /
  • 2010
  • /
  • 1738-1584(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-1991(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Non-destructive evaluation of concrete quality using PZT transducers

  • Tawie, R. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Lee, H.K. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, S.H. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • 투고 : 2009.08.01
  • 심사 : 2009.11.18
  • 발행 : 2010.09.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This paper presents a new concept of using PZT (lead zircornate titanate) transducers as a non-destructive testing (NDT) tool for evaluating quality of concrete. Detection of defects in concrete is very important in order to check the integrity of concrete structures. The electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) response of PZT transducers bonded onto a concrete specimen can be used for evaluating local condition of the specimen. Measurements are carried out by electrically exciting the bonded PZT transducers at high frequency range and taking response measurements of the transducers. In this study, the compression test results showed that concrete specimens without sufficient compaction are likely to fall below the desired strength. In addition, the strength of concrete was greatly reduced as the voids in concrete were increased. It was found that the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values yielded between the EMI signatures for concrete specimens in dry and saturated states showed good agreement with the specimens' compressive strength and permeable voids. A quality metric was introduced for predicting the quality of concrete based on the dry-saturated state of concrete specimens. The simplicity of the method and the current development towards low cost and portable impedance measuring system, offer an advantage over other NDE methods for evaluating concrete quality.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF)

참고문헌

  1. ACI Committee 211 (2001), Standard practice for selecting proportions for normal, heavyweight, and mass concrete, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1, American Concrete Institute, Michigan, USA.
  2. Agilent (2009), Agilent Impedance Measurement Handbook: A guide to measurement technology and techniques, 4th Edition, http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5950-3000.pdf.
  3. ASTM C192 (2002), Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
  4. ASTM C39 (2002), Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
  5. ASTM C642 (2002), Standard test method for density, absorption and voids in hardened concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
  6. Ayres, J.W., Lalande, F., Chaudhry, Z.A. and Rogers, C.A. (1998), "Qualitative impedance based health monitoring of civil infrastructures", Smart Mater. Struct., 7(5), 599-605. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/7/5/004
  7. Bahador, S.D. and Cahyadi, J.H. (2009), "Modeling of carbonation of PC and blended cement concrete", IES J. Part A: Civ. Struct. Eng., 2(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/19373260802518091
  8. Bhalla, S. and Soh, C.K. (2003), "Structural impedance based damage diagnosis by piezo-transducers", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 32(12), 1897-1916. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.307
  9. Bhalla, S., Gupta, A., Bansal, S. and Garg, T. (2009), "Ultra low-cost adaptations of electro-mechanical impedance technique for structural health monitoring", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 20(8), 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X08100384
  10. Bork, J.B. and Preben, C. (1989), "Petrograhic examination of hardened concrete", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 39(1), 99-103.
  11. Bungey, J.H. and Millard, S.G. (1996), Testing of Concrete in Structures, 3rd Edition, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, UK.
  12. Chaudhry, Z.A., Joseph T., Sun, F.P. and Rogers, C.A. (1995), "Local-area health monitoring of aircraft via piezoelectric actuator/sensor patches", Proceedings of the SPIE North American Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA, March.
  13. Chaudhry, Z.A., Lalande, F., Ganino, A. and Rogers, C.A. (1996), Monitoring the integrity of composite patch structural repair via piezoelectric actuators/sensors, AIAA-1996-1074-CP.
  14. Detwiler, R.J. (1996), Microstructure and mass transport in concrete, Integrated Design and Environmental Issues in Concrete Technology (Ed. K. Sakai), E & FN Spon, London, UK.
  15. Dow Corning (2009), Data sheet, http://www.dowcorning.com.
  16. Dugnani, R. and Chang, F.K. (2002), "A novel impedance-based sensor technique for real time, in vivo, unstable plaque characterization", Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Paris, France, July.
  17. Giurgiutiu, V. (2008), Structural health monitoring with piezoelectric wafer active sensors, Elsevier, London, UK.
  18. Kim, J., Grisso, B.L., Ha, D.S. and Inman, D.J. (2007), "An all-digital low-power structural health monitoring system", Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, Woburn, MA, USA, May.
  19. Kim, J.T., Park, J.H., Hong, D.S., Cho, H.M., Na, W.B. and Yi, J.H. (2009), "Vibration and impedance monitoring for prestress-loss prediction in PSC girder bridges", Smart Struct. Syst., 5(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2009.5.1.081
  20. Koo, K.Y., Park, S., Lee, J.J., Yun, C.B. and Inman, D.J. (2007), "Impedance-based structural health monitoring considering temperature effects", Proceedings of the Health monitoring of structural and biological systems, San Diego, CA, USA, March.
  21. Liang, C., Sun, F. and Rogers, C.A. (1996), "Electro-mechanical impedance modeling of active material systems", Smart Mater. Struct., 5, 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/5/2/006
  22. Loctite (2009), Product catalog, http://www.loctiteproducts.com.
  23. Matthews, S. and Morlidge, J. (2008), "Achieving durable repaired concrete structures - a performance-based approach", P. I. Civil Eng.-Str. B., 161(1), 17-28.
  24. Mehta, P.K. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2006), Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials, 3rd Edition, Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA.
  25. Park, G., Farrar, C.R., Rutherford, C.A. and Robertson, A.N. (2006), "Piezoelectric active sensor self-diagnosis using electrical admittance measurements", J. Vib. Acoust., 128(4), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2202157
  26. Park, G., Sohn, H., Farrar, C.R. and Inman, D.J. (2003), "Overview of piezoelectric impedance-based health monitoring and path forward", Shock Vib. Digest, 35(6), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/05831024030356001
  27. Park, S., Grisso, B.L., Inman, D.J. and Yun, C.B. (2007), "MFC-based structural health monitoring using a miniaturized impedance measuring chip for corrosion detection", Res. Nondestruct. Eval., 18(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349840701279937
  28. Park, S., Park, G., Yun, C.B. and Farrar, C.R. (2009a), "Sensor self-diagnosis using a modified impedance model for active sensing-based structural health monitoring", Struct. Health Monit., 8(1), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921708094792
  29. Park, S., Shin, H.H. and Yun, C.B. (2009b), "Wireless impedance sensor nodes for functions of structural damage identification and sensor self-diagnosis", Smart Mater. Struct., 18(5).
  30. Park, S., Yun, C.B., Roh, Y. and Lee, J.J. (2005), "Health monitoring of steel structures using impedance of thickness modes at PZT patches", Smart Struct. Syst., 1(4), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2005.1.4.339
  31. Patel, H.H., Bland, C.H. and Poole, A.B. (1995), "The microstructure of concrete cured at elevated temperatures", Cement Concrete Res., 25(3), 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00036-C
  32. Piezo System (2009), Product catalog, http://www.piezo.com.
  33. Rickli, J.L. and Camelio, J.A. (2009), "Damage detection in assembly fixtures using non-destructive electromechanical impedance sensors and multivariate statistics", Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., 42(9-10), 1005-1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1657-4
  34. Rossi, P. (1991), "Influence of cracking in the presence of free water on the mechanical behaviour of concrete", Mag. Concrete Res., 43(154), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1991.43.154.53
  35. Safiuddin, M. and Hearn, N. (2005), "Comparison of ASTM saturation techniques for measuring the permeable porosity of concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 35(5), 1008-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.017
  36. Shin, S.W., Qureshi, A.R., Lee, J.Y. and Yun, C.B. (2008), "Piezoelectric sensor based nondestructive active monitoring of strength gain in concrete", Smart Mater. Struct., 17(5).
  37. Simmers Jr., G.E. (2005), Impedance-based structural health monitoring to detect corrosion, Master's Thesis, Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  38. Soh, C.K. and Bhalla, S. (2005), "Calibration of piezo-impedance transducers for strength prediction and damage assessment of concrete", Smart Mater. Struct., 14(4), 671-684. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/026
  39. Sohn, H., Kim, S.D., In, C.W., Cronin, K.E. and Harries, K. (2008), "Debonding monitoring of CFRP strengthened RC beams using active sensing and infrared imaging", Smart Struct. Syst., 4(4), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2008.4.4.391
  40. Sun, F.P., Chaudhry, Z., Liang, C. and Rogers, C.A. (1995), "Truss structure integrity identification using PZT sensor-actuator", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 6(1), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9500600117
  41. Tawie, R. and Lee, H.K. (2010), "Monitoring the strength development in concrete by EMI sensing technique", Constr. Build. Mater., 24(9), 1746-1753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.014
  42. Tawie, R., Lee, H.K. and Park, S. (2009), "Using PZT sensors for detecting defects and characterizing quality of concrete", Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technologies, Boston, MA, USA, July.
  43. Tseng, K.K.H. and Naidu, A.S.K. (2002), "Non-parametric damage detection and characterization using smart piezoceramic material", Smart Mater. Struct., 11(3), 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/11/3/301
  44. Tseng, K.K., Basu, P.K. and Wang, L. (2002), "Damage identification of civil infrastructures using smart piezoceramic sensors", Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, France, July.
  45. Yaman, I.O., Hearn, N. and Aktan, H.M. (2002), "Active and non-active porosity in concrete Part I: Experimental evidence", Mater. Struct., 35(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482109
  46. Yang, Y., Lim, Y.Y. and Soh, C.K. (2008), "Practical issues related to the application of the electromechanical impedance technique in the structural health monitoring of civil structures: I. Experiment", Smart Mater. Struct., 17(3).

피인용 문헌

  1. Steel wire electromechanical impedance method using a piezoelectric material for composite structures with complex surfaces vol.98, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.10.046
  2. An analytical model to predict curvature effects of the carbon nanotube on the overall behavior of nanocomposites vol.116, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4890519
  3. Effect of fiber addition on fresh and hardened properties of spun cast concrete vol.125, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.003
  4. A multi-sensing electromechanical impedance method for non-destructive evaluation of metallic structures vol.22, pp.9, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/9/095011
  5. Mechanical characteristics and strengthening effectiveness of random-chopped FRP composites containing air voids vol.62, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.02.015
  6. Characterization of cement-based materials using a reusable piezoelectric impedance-based sensor vol.20, pp.8, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/8/085023
  7. Experimental damage evaluation of reinforced concrete steel bars using piezoelectric sensors vol.105, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.019
  8. Nondestructive Concrete Strength Estimation based on Electro-Mechanical Impedance with Artificial Neural Network vol.15, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.15.94
  9. Electromechanical impedance method of fiber-reinforced plastic adhesive joints in corrosive environment using a reusable piezoelectric device vol.23, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12440754
  10. A technique for improving the damage detection ability of the electro-mechanical impedance method on concrete structures vol.21, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/21/8/085024
  11. Electric potential response analysis of a piezoelectric shell under random micro-vibration excitations vol.20, pp.10, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/10/105029
  12. Real-time strength development monitoring for concrete structures using wired and wireless electro-mechanical impedance techniques vol.17, pp.6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0390-1
  13. Damage classification of pipelines under water flow operation using multi-mode actuated sensing technology vol.20, pp.11, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/11/115002
  14. Strain rate and adhesive energy dependent viscoplastic damage modeling for nanoparticulate composites: Molecular dynamics and micromechanical simulations vol.104, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4868034
  15. Integrating embedded piezoelectric sensors with continuous wavelet transforms for real-time concrete curing strength monitoring vol.11, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.920397
  16. Dynamic asymmetry of piezoelectric shell structures vol.332, pp.16, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2013.03.002
  17. Curing Strength Monitoring of Early-Age Concrete Based on Velocity of Guided Wave Using Embedded Plate-Type PZT Sensor Module vol.281, pp.1662-7482, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.281.645
  18. Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Radially Layered Cylindrical Piezoceramic/Epoxy Composite Transducers vol.9, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9110585
  19. Stochastic optimal control analysis of a piezoelectric shell subjected to stochastic boundary perturbations vol.9, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2012.9.3.231
  20. Multiple crack evaluation on concrete using a line laser thermography scanning system vol.22, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.2.201
  21. Development and evaluation of an external reusable piezo-based concrete hydration-monitoring sensor vol.30, pp.18, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19873414
  22. EMI based multi-bolt looseness detection using series/parallel multi-sensing technique vol.25, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.4.423