Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Integrated fire dynamics and thermomechanical modeling framework for steel-concrete composite structures

  • Choi, Joonho (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology) ;
  • Kim, Heesun (College of Engineering, EWHA Womans University) ;
  • Haj-ali, Rami (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2009.04.12
  • Accepted : 2010.02.11
  • Published : 2010.03.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study is to formulate a general 3D material-structural analysis framework for the thermomechanical behavior of steel-concrete structures in a fire environment. The proposed analysis framework consists of three sequential modeling parts: fire dynamics simulation, heat transfer analysis, and a thermomechanical stress analysis of the structure. The first modeling part consists of applying the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) where coupled CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) with thermodynamics are combined to realistically model the fire progression within the steel-concrete structure. The goal is to generate the spatial-temporal (ST) solution variables (temperature, heat flux) on the surfaces of the structure. The FDS-ST solutions are generated in a discrete form. Continuous FDS-ST approximations are then developed to represent the temperature or heat-flux at any given time or point within the structure. An extensive numerical study is carried out to examine the best ST approximation functions that strike a balance between accuracy and simplicity. The second modeling part consists of a finite-element (FE) transient heat analysis of the structure using the continuous FDS-ST surface variables as prescribed thermal boundary conditions. The third modeling part is a thermomechanical FE structural analysis using both nonlinear material and geometry. The temperature history from the second modeling part is used at all nodal points. The ABAQUS (2003) FE code is used with external user subroutines for the second and third simulation parts in order to describe the specific heat temperature nonlinear dependency that drastically affects the transient thermal solution especially for concrete materials. User subroutines are also developed to apply the continuous FDS-ST surface nodal boundary conditions in the transient heat FE analysis. The proposed modeling framework is applied to predict the temperature and deflection of the well-documented third Cardington fire test.

Keywords

References

  1. ACI Committee 216 (1994), Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements, American Concrete Institute Committee (ACI), Report 216R1-48.
  2. Ahmed, G. and Hurst, J.P. (1999), "Modeling pore pressure, moisture, and temperature in high strength concrete columns exposed to fire", Fire Technol., 35, 232-262. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015436510431
  3. Bailey, C. (2002), "Holistic behaviour of concrete buildings in fire", Proc. of the Institution of civil Engineers, 152(3), 199-212.
  4. Bailey, C. (2003), "Efficient arrangement of reinforcement for membrane behaviour of composite floor slabs in fire conditions", J. Constr. Steel Res., 59, 931-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(02)00116-5
  5. Bailey, C. (2004), "Membrane action of slab/beam composite floor systems in fire", Eng. Struct., 26, 1691-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.06.006
  6. Cai, J., Burgess, I. and Plank, R. (2003), "A generalised steel/reinforced concrete beam-column element model for fire conditions", Eng. Struct., 25, 817-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00019-1
  7. Chen, J., Young, B. and Uy, B. (2006), "Behavior of High Strength Structural Steel at Elevated Temperatures", J. Struct. Eng., 132, 1948-1954. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:12(1948)
  8. Elghazouli, A.Y. and Izzuddin, B.A. (2001), "Analytical assessment of the structural performance of composite floors subject to compartment fires", Fire Safety J., 36, 769-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00039-X
  9. Elghazouli, A.Y. and Izzuddin, B.A. (2004), "Realistic Modeling of Composite and Reinforced Concrete Floor Slabs under Extreme Loading. II: Verification and Application", J. Struct. Eng., 130, 1985-1996. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1985)
  10. ENV (1995), Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design, 1992- 1-2 European pre-standard.
  11. ENV (1995), Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures - Part 1-2: Fire Resistance, 1993-1-2 European prestandard.
  12. Fire Risk Evaluation and Cost Assessment Model (FiRECAM), National Research Council (NRC), http://irc.nrccnrc. gc.ca/fr/frhb/firecamnew_e.html.
  13. Flint, G., Usmani, A., Lamont, S., Lane, B., and Torero, J. (2007), "Structural Response of Tall Buildings to Multiple Floor Fires", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 133, 1719-1732. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1719)
  14. Franssen, J.M., Cooke, G.M.E. and Latham, D.J. (1995), "Numerical Simulation of a Full Scale Fire Test on a Loaded Steel Framework", J. Constr. Steel Res., 35, 377-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(95)00010-S
  15. Gillie, M. (2000), The behavior of steel-framed composite structures in fire conditions, PhD thesis, The University of Edinburgh.
  16. Gillie, M., Usmani, A., Rotter, M. and O'Connor, M. (2001), "Modelling of heated composite floor slabs with reference to the Cardington experiments", Fire Safety J., 36, 745--767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00038-8
  17. Gillie, M., Usmani, A.S. and Rotter, J.M. (2001), "A structural analysis of the first Cardington test", J. Constr. Steel Res., 57, 581-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00004-9
  18. Gillie, M., Usmani, A.S. and Rotter, J.M. (2002), "A structural analysis of the Cardington British Steel Corner Test", J. Constr. Steel Res., 58, 427-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00066-9
  19. Gopalaratnam, V.S. and Shah, S.P. (1985), "Softening Response of Plain Concrete in Direct Tension", J. Am. Concrete Inst., 82, 310-323.
  20. Harmathy, T.Z. (1983), Properties of building materials at elevated temperatures, DRP Paper No. 1080 of the Division of Building Research.
  21. Harmathy, T.Z. (1988), Properties of building materials in SFPE Handbook of fire protection engineering, ed. DiNenno, P. J. et. al, Section 1, 378-391 Chapter 26.
  22. Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen (2003), ABAQUS/Standard User's Manual, Version 6.4-1, HKS Inc., Pawtucket, RI, USA
  23. Huang, Z., Burgess, I., Plank, R. and Bailey, C. (2004), "Comparison of BRE simple design method for composite floor slabs in fire with non-linear FE modeling", Fire Mater., 28, 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.847
  24. Izzuddin, B.A., Tao, X.Y. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (1984), "Realistic Modeling of Composite and Reinforced Concrete Floor Slabs under Extreme Loading. I: Analytical Method", J. Struct. Eng., 130, 1972-1984.
  25. Jones, W.W., et al. (2005), CFAST-Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide, NIST Special Publication 1026, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  26. Karlsson, B. and Quintiere, J.G. (2000), Enclosure Fire Dynamics, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 39-45.
  27. Kumar, S., Miles, S. and Chitty, R. (2002), Computer models for fire and smoke, Combustion Science and Engineering, Inc., http://www.firemodelsurvey.com/pdf/JASMINE_2001.pdf .
  28. Lamont, S., Usmani, A.S. and Drysdale, D.D. (2001), "Heat transfer analysis of the composite slab in the Cardington frame fire tests", Fire Safety J., 36, 815-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00041-8
  29. Li, G. and Jiang, S. (1999), "Prediction to nonlinear behavior of steel frames subjected to fire", Fire Safety J., 32, 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(98)00038-1
  30. Li, G., Wang, P. and Hou, H. (2009), "Post-buckling behaviours of axially restrained steel columns in fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 9(2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2009.9.2.089
  31. McGrattan, K., et al. (2005), Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 4) Technical Reference Guide, NIST Special Publication 1018, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  32. McGrattan, K., Forney, G.P., Floyd, J.F., Hostikka, S. and Prasad, K. (2002), Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 3) - User's Guide, NISTIR 6784, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  33. Najjar, S.R. and Burgess, I.W. (1996), "A nonlinear analysis for three-dimensional steel frames in fire conditions", Eng. Struct., 18, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(95)00101-5
  34. Newman, G.M., Robinson, J.T. and Bailey, C.G. (2000), Fire Safe design: A New Approach to Multi-Storey Steel- Framed Buildings, Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, UK.
  35. Outinen, J. and Makelainen, P. (2004), "Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures and after cooling down", Fire Mater., 28, 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.849
  36. Peacock, R.D., et al. (2005), CFAST-Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) User's Guide, NIST Special Publication 1041, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  37. Rubini, P. (2006), SOFIE-Simulation of fires in enclosures, School of Engineering, Cranfield University, U.K., http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/.
  38. Sanad, A.M., Rotter, J.M., Usmani, A.S. and O'Connor, M.A. (2000), "Composite beams in large buildings under fire - numerical modelling and structural behaiour", Fire Safety J., 35, 165-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00034-5
  39. Santiago, A., Silva, L., Vaz, G., Real, P.V. and Lopes, A.G. (2008), "Experimental investigation of the behavior of a steel sub-frame under a natural fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 8(3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2008.8.3.243
  40. Usmani, A.S., et al. (2000), Report MD13: BS/TEST3 ABAQUS half-floor Model using elastic shell with rotational discontinuities, Corus RD&T, The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Cited by

  1. The Study on Predicting Method for Evaluating Structural Safety of a School under Fire vol.31, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK_SC.2015.31.8.3
  2. Investigations on Structural Safety of Office Room Based on Fire Simulation and Transient Heat Transfer Analysis vol.02, pp.03, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2014.23B004
  3. Fire design of concrete encased columns: Validation of an advanced calculation model vol.17, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.6.835
  4. Performance of fire damaged steel reinforced high strength concrete (SRHSC) columns vol.13, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.13.6.521
  5. Effect of Loading and Beam Sizes on the Structural Behaviors of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under and After Fire vol.12, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0280-5
  6. Integrated fire dynamic and thermomechanical modeling of a bridge under fire vol.42, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.42.6.815