Development and Reproduction (한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식)

The Korean Society of Developmental Biology (한국발생생물학회)
권호 표지

Germ Cell Differentiations during Spermatogenesis and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Mature Sperms in Male Protothaca (Notochione) jedoensis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)

수컷 살조개, Protothaca (Notochione) jedoensis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)의 정자형성과정 중 생식세포 분화와 성숙정자의 미세구조적 특징

  • 김진희 (한국해양수산연구원) ;
  • 박영제 (바다녹색산업연구소) ;
  • 이기영 (군산대학교 해양생물공학과) ;
  • 최문술 (군산대학교 해양생물공학과) ;
  • 서원재 (다이브코리아 한국해양환경생태연구소) ;
  • 정의영 (다이브코리아 한국해양환경생태연구소)
  • Received : 2010.11.24
  • Accepted : 2010.12.16
  • Published : 2010.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Some characteristics of germ cell differntiations and the function of accessory cells during spermatogenesis, and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Protothaca (N.) jedoensis were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoa of this species has a primitive type and is similar to those of other species in the subclass Heterodonta. Accessory cells, which are connected to adjacent germ cells, are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome of this species are the cylindrical type and cap shape, respectively. Spermatozoa are approximately $46{\sim}50{\mu}m$ in length including a long sperm nucleus (about $2.44{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.45{\mu}m$ in length), and tail flagellum (about $42{\sim}46{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. As some characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle structures, the basal and lateral parts of basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the anterior apex part of the acrosomal vesicle shows electron lucent part (region). These characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle were found in the family Veneridae and other several families in the subclass Heterodonta. These common characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle in the subclass Heterodonta can be used for phylogenetic and systematic analysis as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appear in most species in the family Veneridae and other families in the subclass Heterodonta. However, exceptionally, only three species in Veneridae of the subclass Heterodonta contain 5 mitochondria. The number of mitochondria in the sperm midpiece can be used for the taxonomic analysis of the family or superfamily levels as a systematic key or an important tool.

본 연구는 수컷 살조개 Protothaca (Notochione) yessoensis의 정자 형성 과정 중 생식세포들의 분화와 성숙정자의 미세구조 특징에 관한 몇 가지 특징을 투과전자현미경 관찰에 의해 조사하였다. 본 종의 정자형태는 원시형(primitive type)으로, 이매패강, 이치아강(Heterodonta)에 속하는 다른 종들과 유사하다. 생식세포에 인접하여 연결되어 있는 보조세포들은 생식세포들의 발달을 위해 영양공급에 관여한다. 본 종의 정자의 핵형은 긴 원통형이며 첨체의 형태는 모자모양이다. 정자는 길이가 대략 $46{\sim}50{\mu}m$이며, 길다란 정핵(길이 약 $2.44{\mu}m$)과, 첨체(길이 $0.45{\mu}m$), 그리고 미부 편모(약 $42{\sim}46{\mu}m$)로 이루어져 있다. 미부 편모의 악소님(axoneme)은 9+2 구조를 나타낸다. 첨체소포의 특징으로써 basal ring의 기저부위에서 측면부위는 전자밀도가 불투명한 부위를 나타내나, 첨체소포의 앞쪽 정단부위는 전자밀도가 비교적 투명한 부위로 나타나는 특징을 보인다. 이것이 이치아강에 속하는 백합과와 또 다른 여러 과들에 속하는 종들의 정자들이 갖는 첨체소포의 공통특징이다. 따라서 이치아강이 갖는 이들 첨체소포가 갖는 공통특징은 분류의 key 또는 중요한 도구로써 계통 분류를 위해 사용될 수 있다. 정자 중편에 있는 미토콘드리아 수는 4개로 이치아강 내에서 백합과의 3종을 제외한 모든 종들과 다른 과들의 종들에서 공통으로 나타나고 있는데, 예외로, 개조개, 백합, 가무락조개 만은 중편의 미토콘드리아가 5개로 이루어져 있다. 미토콘드리아 수는 과나 또는 상과 수준에서 종들의 분류학적 분석을 할 경우, 분류 key 또는 중요한 도구로 사용될 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson W, Personne P (1975) The form and function of spermatozoa: A comparative view. In: Afzelius BA (ed) The Functional Anatomy of the Spermatozoon. Pergamon, New York.
  2. Baccetti B (1970) The spermatozoon of Athropoda. IX. The sperm cell as an index thropod phylogenesis. p.169-181.
  3. Bernard RTF, Hodgson AN (1985) The fine structure of the sperm and spermatid differentiation in the brown mussel Perna perna. Afr Zool 20:5-9.
  4. Chung EY, Ryou DK (2000) Gametogenesis and sexual maturation of the surf clam Mactra venerifermis on the west coast of Korea. Malacologia 42: 149-163.
  5. Chung EY, Chung CH, Kim JH, Park SW, Park KH (2010) Ultrastructures of germ cells and the accessory cells during spermatogenesis in male Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae) on the East Sea of Korea. Kor J Malacol 26:51-62.
  6. Chung EY, Kim EJ, Park GM (2007) Spermatogenesis and sexual maturation in male Mactra chinensis (Bivalvia: Mactridae) of Korea. Integrative Biosci 11:227-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/17386357.2007.9647339
  7. Daniels EW, Longwell AC, McNiff JM, Wolfgang RW (1971) A reinvestigation of the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa from the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Trans Amer Micros Soc 90:275-282. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225187
  8. Dorange G, Pennec, ML (1989) Ultrastructural characteristics of spermatogenesis in Pecten maximus (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Invert Reprod Dev 15:109-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1989.9672031
  9. Drozdov TA, Reunov AA (1986) Spermatogenesis and the sperm ultrastructure in the mussel. Modiolus difficillis. Tsitologiia 28: 1069-1074.
  10. Eckelbarger KJ, Bieler R, Mikkelsen PM (1990) Ultrastructure of sperm development and mature sperm morphology in three species of commensal bivalves (Mollusca: Galeommatoidea). J Morph 205:63-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052050107
  11. Eckelbarger KJ, Davis CV (1996) Ultrastructure of the gonad and gametogenesis in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. II. Testis and spermatogenesis. Mar Biol 127:89-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993648
  12. Franzen A (1970) Phylogenetic aspects of the mophology spermatozoa and spermiogenesis. In: Baccetti B (ed) Comparative Spermatology. Academia Naionale Dei Lincei, Rome pp 573.
  13. Gaulejac de J, Jenry M, Vicente N (1995) An ultrastructural study of gametogenesis of the marine bivalve Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). II. Spermatogenesis. J Moll Stu 61:393-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/61.3.393
  14. Harrington R (1987) Growth patterns within genus Protothaca (Bivalvia: Veneridae) from the Gulf of Alaska to Panama aleotemperatures, paleobiogeography and paleolatitudes. Dessert Abst Int'l Part B: Sci Engin 7:249-256.
  15. Healy JM (1989) Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in the relict bivalve genus Neotrigonia: relevance to trigonioid relationships, particularly Unionoidea. Mar Biol 103:75-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00391066
  16. Healy JM (1995) Sperm ultrastructure in the marine bivalve families Carditidae and Crassatellidae and and its bearing on unification of the Crasssatelloidea with the Carditoidea. Zool Sci 24:1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00470.x
  17. Healy JM, Lester RJG (1991) Sperm ultrastructure in the Australian oyster Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) (Bivalvia: Ostreidea). J Moll Stud 57:219-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/57.2.219
  18. Hodgson AN, Bernard RTF (1986) Ultrastructure of the sperm and spermatogenesis of three species of Mytilidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Gamete Res 15:123-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120150204
  19. Jamieson BGM (1987) The Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of Insect Spermatozoa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  20. Jamieson BGM (1991) Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidence from Spermatozoa. Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge pp 181-194.
  21. Kim J (1996) A study on the reproductive cycle of the venus clam, Protothaca jedoensis. Yosu Nat'l Fish Univ MS Thesis, pp 22.
  22. Kim J (2002) Studies on the phylogenetic relationships and reproductive cycle of the venus clam, Protothaca jedoensis. Yosu Nat'l Fish Univ Ph D thesis, pp 152.
  23. Kim JH (2001) Spermatogenesis and comparative ultrastructure of spermatozoa in several species of Korean economic bivalves (13 families, 34 species). Pukyung Nat'l Univ pp 161.
  24. Kim JH, Chung EY, Choi KH, Park KH, Park SW (2010) Ultrastructure of germ cells during spermatogenesis and some characteristics of sperm morphology in male Mytilus coruscus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on the west coast of Korea. Kor J Malacol 26:33-43.
  25. Komaru A, Konishi K (1996) Ultrastructure of biflagellate spermatozoa in the freshwater clam, Corbicula leana (Prime). Invert Reprod Dev 29:193-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1996.9672513
  26. Komaru A, Konishi K, Nakayama I, Kobayashi T, Sakai H, Kawamaru K (1997) Hermaphroditic freshwater clams in the genus Corbicula produce nonreductional spermatozoa with somatic DNA content. Biol Bull 193:320-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542934
  27. Lee KY, Chung EY, Lee JY (2008) Apermatogenesis and reproductive cycle in male Spisula sachalinensis (Bivalvia: Mactridae) of Korea. Kor J Malacol 24:1-10.
  28. Longo EJ, Dornfeld EJ (1967) The fine structure of spermaid differentiation in the mussel, Mytilus edulis L.. Ultrastr Res 20:462-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(67)80113-8
  29. Park CK, Park JJ, Lee JY, Lee JS (2002) Spermatogenesis and sperm ultrastructure of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Kor J Elect Micro 32: 303-310.
  30. Park JJ, Lee JY, Lee JS, Chang YJ (2003) Gonadal development and gametogenic cycle of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae). J Kor Fish Soc 36:352-357.
  31. Pizarrro JF, Cruz RA (1987) Reproductive cycle of the clam Protothaca grata (Pelecypoda: Veneridae). Brenasia San Jose 27:23-24.
  32. Popham JD (1974) Comparative morphometrics of the acrosomes of the sperms of externally and internally fertilizing sperms of the sperms of the shipworms (Teredinidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca). Cell Tissue Res 150:291-297.
  33. Popham JD (1979) Comparative spermatozoon morphology and bivalve phylogeny. Malacol Rev 12:1-20.
  34. Sakker ER (1984) Sperm morphology, spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis of three species of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Zoomorphology 104:111-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312025
  35. Sastry AN (1979) Pelecypoda excluding Ostreidae. In Giese AC, Pearse JS eds. Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol 5, New York. Academic Press p 113-292.
  36. Sousa M, Corral L, Azevedo C (1989) Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of spermatogenesis Scrobicularia plana (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Gamat Res 24: 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120240406
  37. Verdonk NH, Van Den Biggelaar, JAM, Tompa AS (1983) The Mollusca. Vol. 3. Development. Academic Press New York pp 48
  38. Yasuzumi G (1974) Electron microscope studies on spermatogenesis in various species. Int Rev Cytol 37:53-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61357-1