Journal of Pharmacopuncture (대한약침학회지)

KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE (대한약침학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The literature review of Leech therapy

거머리 요법에 대한 연구동향

  • Jang, Hyo-Kil (Dept. of Oriental Medicine Graduate school, Daejeon University) ;
  • Heo, Dong-Seok (Dept. of Oriental Medicine Graduate school, Daejeon University)
  • 장효길 (대전한방병원 한방재활의학과) ;
  • 허동석 (대전한방병원 한방재활의학과)
  • Published : 2010.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective : To review the trend of the study related to Leech therapy and to establish the hereafter direction for the study on Leech therapy. Methods : I reviewed and analyzed all the theses published in Domestic and Foreign research institution from 1990 to 2009. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Analyzed number of theses published, there was no significance per year. 2. Classified by theme of journal, journals related to surgery were most(41 journals, 75.92%) among 54 kinds. 3. Classified by theses by research method and thesis types, case report accounted for nearly twothirds (52 pieces, 68.42%) of all theses and consideration of document was next(9 pieces, 11.84%). 4. With the most case of venous congestion after plastic and reconstructive surgery(33 pieces, 63.46%), leech therapy was effective on illnesses such as haematoma, macroglossia, purpura, varicous vein, avulsion injury, neurovascular compression, diabetic neuropathy, penoscrotal oedema, buerger's disease, rheumatoid arthritis. 5. Two most appeared adverse effects were anemia and infection. Immediate blood transfusion was done for recovering anemia and prophylactic 3rd generation antibiotics to infection were emphasized in more than half of case reports. 6. All of consideration of documents was retrospective study of cases related leech therapy and 3 pieces of them emphasized prophyratic antibiotic treatment for preventing infection. 7. The study of clinical trail type started first in 2002 and osteoarthritis of knee and carpometacarpal joint were main target. As see above result, Leech therapy was effective cure and could be used in disease induced by venous congestion. And I think that it is necessary to perform additional study related to solution of problems about leech therapy and protocol for using in clinical practice.

Keywords

References

  1. 全國韓醫科大學本草學敎授共編著. 本草學. 서울:圖書出版永林社. 1995:430-3
  2. 著者未詳. 神農本草經. 太原.:山西科學技術出版社. 1991:118
  3. 김창민, 신민교, 이경순, 안덕균 역. 中藥大辭典. 정담. 2004:2566
  4. 許浚原著, 趙憲泳, 金東日外10人共譯. 東醫寶鑑. 서울:여강출판사. 1994:2207
  5. Bunker TD. The contemporary use of the medicinal leech. Injury. 1981;12(5):430-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(81)90018-8
  6. Foucher G, Henderson H, Maneau M, Merie M, Braun F. Distal digital replantation. International Journal of Microsurgery. 1981;3:263-70
  7. Yun HH, Jeong DS, Choe J. Measures to Reduce Aeromonas hydrophilia Infection that May Occur after Leech Application. The journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 2002;11(1):73-7
  8. Trontelj P, Sotler M, Verovnik R. Genetic differentiation between two species of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis and the neglected H. verbana, based on random-amplified polymorphic DNA. Parasitolog Research. 2004;94(2):118-124
  9. Celia M. Indications for Use. Food and Drug Administration. 2004 Jun 21:1. Available from: URL : http://www. accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs /pdf4/k040187.pdf
  10. Braga A, Lineaweaver WC, Whitney TM, Follansbee S, Buncke HJ. Sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophilia cultured from medicinal leeches to oral antibiotics. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 1990;6(2):135-7
  11. Menage MJ, Wright G. Use of leeches in a case of severe periorbital haematoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1991;75(12):755-6 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.75.12.755
  12. Regan PJ, Roberts JO, Sabapathy SR, Roberts AH. Use of the medicinal leech to salvage specialized skin jeopardized by venous impairment. Injury.1991;22(2):161-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(91)90087-U
  13. Dabb RW, Malone JM, Leverett LC. The use of medicinal leeches in the salvage of flaps with venous congestion. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1992;29(3):250-6 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199209000-00010
  14. Lineaweaver WC, Hill MK, Buncke GM, Follansbee S, Buncke HJ, Wong RK, Manders EK, Grotting JC, Anthony J, Mathes SJ. Aeromonas hydrophilia infections following use of medicinal leeches in replantation and flap surgery. Annals of plastic surgery. 1992;29(3):238-44 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199209000-00008
  15. Gross MP, Apesos J. The use of leeches for treatment of venous congestion of the nipple following breast surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1992;16(4):343-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01570698
  16. Lee C, Mehran RJ, Lessard ML, Kerrigan CL. Leeches : controlled trial in venous compromised rat epigastric flaps. British journal of plastic surgery. 1992;45(3):235-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(92)90085-C
  17. Iafolla AK. Medicinal leeches in the postoperative care of bladder exstrophy. Journal of Perinatology. 1995;15(2):135-8
  18. Smeets IM, Engelberts I. The use of leeches in a case of post-operative life-threatening macroglossia. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995;109(5):442-4
  19. de Chalain T, Cohen SR, Burstein FD. Successful Use of Leeches in the Treatment of Purpura Fulminans. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995;35(3):300-4 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199509000-00014
  20. Rivera ML, Gross JE. Scalp replantation after traumatic injury. AORN journal.1995;62(2):175-80 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(06)63650-8
  21. Haycox CL, Odland PB, Coltrera MD, Raugi GJ. Indications and complications of medicinal leech therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995;33(6):1053-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(95)90320-8
  22. Pantuck AJ, Lobis MR, Ciocca R, Weiss RE. Penile replantation using the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Urology. 1996;48(6):953-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00318-4
  23. Varghese MR, Farr RW, Wax MK, Chafin BJ, Owens RM. Vibrio fluvialis wound infection associated with medicinal leech therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1996;22(4):709-10
  24. de Chalain TM. Exploring the use of the medicinal leech : a clinical risk-benefit analysis. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 1996;12(3):165-72 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1006471
  25. Bapat RD, Acharya BS, Juvekar S, Dahanukar SA, Leech therapy for complicated varicose veins. Indian Journal of Medcal Research. 1998;107:281-4
  26. Pereira JA, Greig JR, Liddy H, Ion L, Moss AL. Leech-borne Serratia marcescens infection following complex hand injury. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998;51(8):640-1 https://doi.org/10.1054/bjps.1998.0128
  27. Mortenson BW, Dawson KH, Murakami C. Medicinal leeches used to salvage a traumatic nasal flap. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998;36(6):462-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-4356(98)90465-X
  28. Weinfeld AB, Kattash M, Grifka R, Friedman JD. Leech therapy in the management of acute venous congestion of an infant's lower limb. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 1998;102(5):1611-4 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199810000-00042
  29. Utley DS, Koch RJ, Goode RL. The failing flap in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery: role of the medicinal leech. The Laryngoscope. 1998;108(8):1129-35 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199808000-00005
  30. Yoon ID, Kim YK, Kim JO, Park JH, Baek RM, Choe J. Leech Therapy in Digital Replantation of Children. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 1999;8(1):64-70
  31. Ahn HB, Cho GS, Kim DY, Microsurgical Replantation of A Partial Ear with Arteriole Anastomosis. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 1999;8(1):10-4
  32. Cho BH, Ahn HB. Microsurgical Replantation of a Partial Ear, With Leech Therapy. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999;43(4):427-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199910000-00014
  33. Friedman J, Fabre J, Netscher D, Jaksic T. Treatment of acute neonatal vascular injuries-- the utility of multiple interventions. Journal ofpediatric surgery. 1999;34(6):940-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90764-9
  34. Cottler PS, Gampper TJ, Rodeheaver GT. Evaluation of clinically applicable exsanguination treatments to alleviate venous congestion in an animal skin flap model. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 1999;7(3):187-195 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00187.x
  35. Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Legre R. Unusual case of Aeromonas sobria Cellulitis Associated with the Use of Leeches. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999;18(1):72-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s100960050232
  36. Smolle J, Cerroni L, Kerl H. Multiple pseudolymphomas caused by Hirudo medicinalis therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000;43(5):867-9 https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.110043
  37. Baek CH, Shin JH, Park JH. Medicinal leech therapy for salvage of the failing flap. Korean journal of head & neck oncology. 2000;16(1):20-25
  38. Guneren E, Erolu L, Akba H, Uysal OA, Hoke-lek M, Erolu C. The use of Hirudo medicinalis in nipple-areolar congestion. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000;45(6):679-80 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200045060-00026
  39. Byrne PJ, Bernstein PE. The use of medicinal leeches to treat macroglossia secondary to blunt trauma. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2001;125(6):649-50 https://doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2001.119867
  40. Noh JH, Minn KW, Lee HT, Yoo WI. Microsurgical Replantation of the Amputated Ear without Venous Repair : Clinical Experience with Leech. Journal of the Korean society of plastic and reconstructive surgeons. 2001;28(6):667-70
  41. Talbi M, Stussi JD, Meley M. Microsurgical Replantation of a Totally Amputated Ear Without Veonus Repair. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 2001;17(6):417-20 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16354
  42. Guven, H, Akbas, H. The use of leeches in the management of a ring avulsion injury. European journal of plastic surgery. 2002;25(3):162-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-002-0351-2
  43. Sartor C, Limouzin-Perotti F, Legr R, Casanova D, Bongrand MC, Sambuc R, Drancourt M. Nosocomial Infections with Aeromonas hydrophilia from leeches. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002;35(1):1-5 https://doi.org/10.1086/340617
  44. Chepeha DB, Nussenbaum B, Bradford CR, Teknos TN. Leech therapy for patients with surgically unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery. 2002;128(8):960-5 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.128.8.960
  45. Michalsen A, Deuse U, Esch T, Dobos G, Moebus S. Effect of leeches therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) in painful osteoarthritis of the knee: a pilot study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases: the official journal. 2001;60(10):986 https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.60.10.986
  46. Conforti ML, Connor NP, Heisey DM, Vanderby R, Kunz D, Hartig GK. Development of mechanical devint to replace medicinal leech for tce tment of venous congestion. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2002;39(4):497-504
  47. Connor NP, Conforti ML, Heisey DM, Vanderby R, Kunz D, Hartig GK. Augmented blood removal after medicinal leech feeding in congested tissue flaps. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2002;39(4):505-12
  48. Avci G, Akan M, Yildirim S, Akoz T. Digital neurovascular compression due to a forgotten tourniquet. Hand Surgery. 2003;8(1):133-6 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218810403001595
  49. NA HJ. The Effects of Live Leech (Hirudo Medicinalis) Therapy on Diabetic Foot : a Clinical Case Report. Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine. 2003;24(4):136-8
  50. Philip J, Armitage DW, Phillips KR. Leech therapy for penoscrotal oedema in patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. BJU international. 2003;91(6):579-80 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04120.x
  51. Dixon M. Leeches in PICU. Pediatric nursing. 2003;29(3):216-8
  52. Gideroglu K, Yildirim S, Akan M, Akoz T. Immediate use of medicinal leeches to salvage venous congested reverse pedicled neurocutaneous flaps. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery. 2003;37(5):277-82
  53. Michalsen A, Klotz S, Ludtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G, Dobos GJ. Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee : a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2003;139(9):724-30 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-9-200311040-00006
  54. Tuncali D, Terzioglu A, Cigsar B, Aslan G. The value of medical leeches in the treatment of class IIC ring avulsion injuries : report of 2 cases. The Journal of hand surgery. 2004;29(5):943-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.05.011
  55. Ouderkirk JP, Bekhor D, Turett GS, Murali R. Aeromonas meningitis complicating medicinal leech therapy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004;38(4):36-7 https://doi.org/10.1086/381438
  56. Duroure F, Simon E, Fadhul S. Microsurgical lip replantation : Evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases. Microsurgery. 2004;24(4):265-9 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.20018
  57. Mineo M, Jolley T, Rodriguez G. Leech therapy in penile replantation : a case of recurrent penile self-amputation. Urology. 2004;63(5):981-3
  58. Frodel JL, Barth P, Wagner J. Salvage of partial facial soft tissue avulsions with medicinal leeches. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academ-y of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2004;131(6):934-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.07.005
  59. Hartig GK, Connor NP, Heisey DM, Conforti ML. Comparing a mechanical device with medicinal leeches for treating venous congesion. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2003;129(5):556-64 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-5998(03)01587-0
  60. Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, Butler PE. Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon. British journal of plastic surgery. 2004;57(4):348-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2003.12.016
  61. Ikizceli I, Avsarogullari L, Sozuer E, Yurumez Y, Akdur O. Bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite. Emergency medicine journal. 2005;22(6):458-60 https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2003.013847
  62. Heckmann JG, Dutsch M, Neundorfer B, Dutsch F, Hartung U. Leech therapy in the treatment of median nerve compression due to forearm haematoma. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery,and psychiatry. 2005;76(10):146 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.033605
  63. Steer A, Daley AJ, Curtis N. Suppurative sequelae of symbiosis. The Lancet.2005;365(9454):188 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17711-3
  64. Kumar N, Mohindra R, Mohan B, Wander GS. Gastrointestinal bleed after leeching in a patient on aspirin therapy. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology. 2005;24(4):170
  65. Peter S, Ron Winokur BS, Greg A, Edmund P. Successful Non-Microvascular Nasal Tip Replantation After Traumatic Avulsion. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2006;2(2). Available from : URL:http://www.ispub.com
  66. Yim YM, Kwon H, Oh DY, Lee JY, Jung SN. Replantation of Nose Amputation by Use of Medical Leech. Journal of the Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. 2005;32(1):124-130
  67. Spahn, G, Rieckmann, T, Michalsen, A. Long term results and adverse effects of leech therapy in osteoarthritis. Complementary health care. 2005:34
  68. Ardehali B, Hand K, Nduka C, Holmes A, Wood S. Delayed leech-borne infection with Aeromonas hydrophilia in escharotic flap wound. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery. 2006;59(1):94-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.04.030
  69. Dippenaar R, Smith J, Goussard P, Walters E. Meningococcal purpura fulminans treated with medicinal leeches. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2006;7(5):476-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PCC.0000235422.23812.B4
  70. Kim KC, Chung C, Kim SE, Kim HS, Rhyou IH, Reconstruction of Soft Tissue Defect of Lower Extremity with Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap. Journal of the Korean Microsurgical Society. 2006;15(2):70-6
  71. Orsini J, Sakoulas G. Surgical site infection complicating Leech Therapy. The Internet Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2006;3(1). Available from : URL:http://www.ispub.com
  72. Durrant C, Townley WA, Ramkumar S, Khoo CT. Forgotten digital tourniquet salvage of an ischaemic finger by application of medicinal leeches. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2006;88(5):462-4 https://doi.org/10.1308/003588406X117052
  73. Hullett JS, Spinnato GG, Ziccardi V. Treatment of an Ear Laceration With Adjunctive Leech Therapy : A Case Report. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2007;65(10):2112-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.017
  74. Flores RL, Bastidas N, Galiano RD. Successful replantation of an amputated nose after dog bite injury. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2007;136(2):326-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.08.002
  75. Bauters TG, Buyle FM, Verschraegen G, Vermis K, Vogelaers D, Claeys G, Robays H. Infection risk related to the use of medicinal leeches. Pharmacy world & science. 2007;29(3):122-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-007-9105-3
  76. O'Toole G, Bhatti K, Masood S. Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery. 2008;61(3):326-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.017
  77. Etemadi J, Ardalan MR, Motavali R, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM. Thrombotic microangiopathy as a complication of medicinal leech therapy. Southern medical journal. 2008;101(8):845-7 https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31817e30ca
  78. Andereya S, Stanzel S, Maus U, Mueller-Rath R, Mumme T, Siebert CH, Stock F, Schneider U. Assessment of leech therapy for knee osteoarthritis : a randomized study. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. 2002;8(5):84-8
  79. Michalsen A, Ludtke R, Cesur O. Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint : a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):452-59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.03.012
  80. Schlaudraff KU, Bezzola T, Montandon D, Pepper MS, Pittet B. Mixed Arterio Venous insufficiency in random skin flaps in the rat is the application of medicinal leeches beneficial. The Journal of surgical research. 2008;150(1):85-91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2008.01.012
  81. Whitaker IS, Kamya C, Azzopardi EA, Graf J, Kon M, Lineaweaver WC. Preventing infective complications following leech therapy : Is practice keeping pace with current research? Microsurgery. 2009;29(8):619-25
  82. Kwak BM, Hong KE. Case of buerger's disease Improve by Gi-Chim Treatment (Leech Therapy). Journal of Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute. 2009;12(2):91-8 https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2009.12.2.091
  83. Yoo CK, Lee YJ, A Case of Live Leech(Hirudo Medicinalis) Therapy with Herbal Medication on Regional Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine. 2009;19(3):135-146
  84. Mumcuoglu KY, Huberman L, Cohen R, Temper V, Adler A, Galun R, Block C. Elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestinal tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, using ciprofloxacin feeding. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2009:1-5
  85. 武繼彪, 劉紅兵, 呂文海. 3種水蛭製品調脂作用比較. 中國中藥雜誌. 1994;19(6):343-5
  86. 이상권, 이상기, 손정훈, 최의성. 한국산 거머리로부터 항혈전단백질의 검색과 분리, 정제. 한국생화학회지. 1993;26(3):228-34
  87. Rubsamen K, Eschenfelder V. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Haemostasis. 1991;2:97-100
  88. Kaiser B, Simon A, Markwardt F. Antithrombotic effects of recombinant hirudin in experimental angioplasty and intravascular thrombolysis. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 1990;63(1):44-7
  89. 이상기, 최의성, 김철호, 정붕현, 손정훈, 강현아, 김화영, 배정훈, 김원경, K.J. Rao, Ter-Avanesyan. 항혈전성 재조합 히루딘의 생산 및 분리정제 기술개발. 한국생명공학연구원. 1997:2-3
  90. Song SW, Hong YS, Kwak YL, Ahn SK. Open Heart Surgery in Patient with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. Korean Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002;35:475-8