Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

The Korean Pediatric Society (대한소아청소년과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Enteral nutrition of the premature infant

  • Cho, Su Jin (Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2009.11.23
  • Accepted : 2009.12.06
  • Published : 2010.01.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Early nutritional support for preterm infants is critical because such support influences long-term outcome. Minimal enteral feeding should be initiated as soon as possible if an infant is stable and if feeding advancement is recommended as relevant to the clinical course. Maternal milk is the gold standard for enteral feeding, but fortification may be needed to achieve optimal growth in a rapidly growing premature infant. Erythromycin may aid in promoting gastrointestinal motility in cases that exhibit feeding intolerance. Selected preterm infants need vitamins, mineral supplements, and calorie enhancers to meet their nutritional needs. Despite all that is known about this topic, additional research is needed to guide postdischarge nutrition of preterm infants in order to maintain optimal growth and neurodevelopment.

Keywords

References

  1. Hay WW Jr. Strategies for feeding the preterm infant. Neonatology 2008;94:245-54 https://doi.org/10.1159/000151643
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Nutritional needs of low birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 1985;75:976-86
  3. Ziegler EE. Malnutrition in the preterm infant. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1991;374:58-66 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb12008.x
  4. Carlson SJ, Ziegler EE. Nutrient intakes and growth of very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 1998;18:252–8
  5. Smart JL. Vulnerability of developing brain to undernutrition. Ups J Med Sci Suppl 1990;48:21–41
  6. Franz AR, Pohlandt F, Bode H, Mihatsch WA, Sander S, Kron M, et al. Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support. Pediatrics 2009;123:e101-9 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1352
  7. Hay WW Jr. Nutrient supplies for optimal health in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45 Suppl 3:S163-9 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000302965.93546.b8
  8. Davies PA. Low birthweight infants: immediate feeding recalled. Arch Dis Childhood 1991;66:551-3 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.66.4.551
  9. Cakmak CF, Aygun C, Cetinoglu E. Does early enteral feeding of very low birth weight infants increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis? Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:580-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602957
  10. Neu J. Gastrointestinal development and meeting the nutritional needs of premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(2 Suppl):629S-34S https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.2.629S
  11. Ziegler EE, Carlson SJ. Early nutrition of very low birth weight infants. J Maternal Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:191-7 https://doi.org/10.1080/14767050802630169
  12. Tyson JE, Kennedy KA Trophic feedings for parenterally fed infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;3:CD000504
  13. Lucas A, Bloom SR, Aynsley-Green A. Gut hormones and 'minimal enteral feeding'. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986;75:719-23 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10280.x
  14. Lavoie PM. Earlier initiation of enteral nutrition is associated with lower risk of late-onset bacteremia only in most mature very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 2009;29:448-54 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.8
  15. Bombell S, McGuire W. Early trophic feeding for very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;3:CD000504 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000504.pub3.
  16. Premji S, Chessell L. Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1:CD001819 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001819
  17. Groh-Wargo S, Sapsford A. Enteral nutrition support of the preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24:363-76 https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533609335310
  18. Hartel C, Haase B, Browning-Carmo K, Gebauer C, Kattner E, Kribs A, et al. Does the enteral feeding advancement affect short-term outcomes in very low birth weight infants? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:464-70 https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818c5fc3
  19. Tosh K, McGuire W. Ad libitum or demand/semi-demand feeding versus scheduled interval feeding for preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD005255
  20. Henderson G, Anthony MY, McGuire W. Formula milk versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD002972 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002972.pub2.
  21. Innis SM. Human milk: maternal dietary lipids and infant development. Proc Nutr Soc 2007;66:397-404 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005666
  22. Vohr BR, Poindexter BB, Dusick AM, McKinley LT, Higgins RD, Langer JC, et al; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Research Network. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 2007;120:e953-9 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3227
  23. Klein CJ. Nutrient requirements for preterm infant formulas. J Nutr 2002;132:1395S–1577S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.6.1395S
  24. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics 1998;101:148-53 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.1.148
  25. Quigley MA, Henderson G, Anthony MY, McGuire W. Formula milk versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD002971 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002971.pub2.
  26. Saavedra JM. Use of probiotics in pediatrics: rationale, mechanisms of action, and practical aspects. Nutr Clin Pract 2007;3:351-65 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0527
  27. Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Pediatric applications of probiotics. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005;34:451–4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2005.05.001
  28. Caplan MS. Probiotics and prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol 2009;29 Suppl 2:S2-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.21
  29. Gray GM. Starch digestion and absorption in nonruminants. J Nutr 1992;122:172-7
  30. Shulman RJ, Feste A, Ou C. Absorption of lactose, glucose polymers, or combination in premature infants. J Pediatr 1995;127:626-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70128-1
  31. Dall'Agnola A, Beghini L. Post-discharge supplementation of vitamins and minerals for preterm neonates. Early Hum Dev 2009;85 (1 Suppl):27S-29S https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.008
  32. Mihatsch WA, von Schoenaich P, Fahnenstich H, Dehne N, Ebbecke H, Plath C, et al. The significance of gastric residuals in the early enteral feeding advancement of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2002;109:457-9 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.3.457
  33. Patole S, Muller R. Enteral feeding of preterm neonates: a survey of Australian neonatologists. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004;16:309-14
  34. Bertino E, Giuliani F, Prandi G, Coscia A, Martano C, Fabris C. Necrotizing enterocolitis' risk factor analysis and rold of gastric residual in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:437-42 https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31817b6dbe
  35. Ng E, Shah VS. Erythromycin for the prevention and treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;3:CD001815 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001815
  36. Ng PC. Use of oral erythromycin for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility in preterm infants. Neonatology 2009;95:97-104 https://doi.org/10.1159/000153093
  37. McGuire W, McEwan P. Transpyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3:CD003487 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003487
  38. Malcom WF, Smith PB, Mears S, Goldberg RN, Cotten CM. Transpyloric tube feeding in very low birthweight infants with suspected gastroesophageal reflux: impact on apnea and bradycardia. J Perinatol 2009;29:372-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2008.234
  39. Moyer-Mileur LJ. Anthropometric and laboratory assessment of very low birth weight infants: the most helpful measurements and why. Semin Perinatol 2007;31:96-103 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2007.02.006
  40. Greer FR. Post-discharge nutrition: what does the evidence support? Semin Perinatol 2007;31:89-95 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2007.02.003
  41. Bishop NJ, King FJ, Lucas A. Increased bone mineral content of preterm infants fed with a nutrient enriched formula after discharge from hospital. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:573-8 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.68.5_Spec_No.573
  42. Chan GM Growth and bone mineral status of discharged very low birth weight infants fed different formulas or human milk. J Pediatr 1993;123:439-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81754-8
  43. Wauben IP, Atkinson SA, Shah JK, Paes B. Growth and body composition of preterm infants: influence of nutrient fortification of mother's milk in hospital and breastfeeding posthospital discharge. Acta Paediatr 1998;87:780-5 https://doi.org/10.1080/080352598750013888
  44. Henderson G, Fahey T, McGuire W. Calorie and proteinenriched formula versus standard term formula for improving growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants following hospital discharge. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD004696 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004686.pub3

Cited by

  1. Feeding Introlerance Due to Allergic Enterocolitis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants vol.18, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5385/jksn.2011.18.2.204
  2. Clinical Findings According to Feeding Diets in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Human Breast Milk versus Bovine Milk-Based Formula vol.23, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2016.23.1.23
  3. Enteral nutrition for optimal growth in preterm infants vol.59, pp.12, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.12.466