Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회지)

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Seasonal Variations of OC and EC in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 at Gosan Superstation on Jeju Island

제주도 고산 PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0 중 OC와 EC의 계절별 변화 특성

  • Lim, Sae-Hee (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Mee-Hye (Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Kang, Kyeong-Sik (College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University)
  • 임세희 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 이미혜 (고려대학교 지구환경과학과) ;
  • 강경식 (제주대학교 해양과학부)
  • Received : 2010.05.23
  • Accepted : 2010.08.16
  • Published : 2010.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were determined for $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1.0}$ aerosols particles collected at Gosan Superstation on Jeju Island from August 2007 to September 2008. Aerosols were collected on quartz filters for 24 hours and then OC and EC were analyzed by TOR/IMPROVED method. Mean concentrations of OC and EC were $4.66\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.69\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{10}$, $3.95\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.69\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{2.5}$, and $3.16\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.42\;{\mu}g/m^3$ for $PM_{1.0}$, respectively. The concentrations of OC and EC comprised 16.4% and 6.0% of $PM_{10}$, 22.9% and 9.8% of $PM_{2.5}$, and 23.0% and 10.0% of $PM_{1.0}$. OC and EC showed a clear seasonal variation with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The correlations between the two were also the best during the winter ($R^2$=0.87, 0.94, and 0.95 for $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{1.0}$). The ratio of OC/EC exhibited the maximum (7.24) during an Asian dust event due to an increase of OC, which was possibly derived from soil. The mass fraction of both OC and EC was the highest in fall. When OC and EC concentrations were highly elevated, EC1 (the first EC fraction determined at $550^{\circ}C$) and pyrolyzed OC (POC) were dominant subcomponents in winter and OC3 (the third OC fraction determined at $450^{\circ}C$) and POC in spring.

Keywords

References

  1. 권원태, 김 준, 류상범, 민경덕, 민승기, 신임철, 양진석, 엄향희, 오재호, 이동규, 이승호, 이우진, 이장렬, 이현영, 전종갑, 조영순, 최영은, 허창회(2004) 한국의 기후, 기상청 기상연구소, 417.
  2. Andrews, E., P. Saxena, S. Musarra, L.M. Hildemann, P.Koutrakis, P.H. McMurry, I. Olmez, and W.H.White (2000) Concentration and composition ofatmospheric aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS experimentand a review of the closure between chemicaland gravimetric measurements, J Air & Waste Manage.Assoc., 50, 648-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464116
  3. Brink, H., R. Otjes, P. Jongejan, and G. Kos (2009) Monitoringof the ratio of nitrate to sulphate in sizesegregatedsubmicron aerosol in the Netherlands,Atmos. Res., 92(2), 270-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.12.003
  4. Cachier, H., C. Liousse, M.-H. Pertuisot, A. Gaudichet, F.Echalar, and J.-P. Lacaux (1996) African fine particulateemissions and atmospheric influence, in:biomass burning and global change, edited by JoelS. Levine, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 430-440.
  5. Cao, J.J., J.C. Chow, S.C. Lee, Y. Li, S.W. Chen, Z.S. An, K.Fung, J.G. Watson, C.S. Zhu, and S.X. Liu (2005)Characterization and source apportionment of atmosphericorganic and elemental carbon during falland winter of 2003 in Xi’an, China, Atmos. Chem.Phys. Discuss., 5, 3561-3593. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-3561-2005
  6. Cao, J.J., S.C. Lee, K.F. Ho, X.Y. Zhang, S.C. Zou, K. Fung,J.C. Chow, and J.G. Watson (2003) Characteristicsof carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region,China during 2001 winter period, Atmos.Environ., 37(11), 1451-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01002-6
  7. Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, P.K. Louie, L.W. Chen, and D. Sin(2005) Comparison of $PM_{2.5}$ carbon measurementmethods in Hong Kong, China, Environ Pollut,137(2), 334-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.006
  8. Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, Z. Lu, D.H. Lowenthal, C.A. Frazier,P.A. Solomon, R.H. Thuillier, and K. Magliano(1996) Descriptive analysis of $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{10}$at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX, Atmos. Environ., 30(12), 2079-2112. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00402-5
  9. Dan, M., G. Zhuang, X. Li, H. Tao, and Y. Zhuang (2004)The characteristics of carbonaceous species andtheir sources in $PM_{2.5}$ in Beijing, Atmos. Environ.,38, 3443-3452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052
  10. Dommen, J., A. Metzger, J. Duplissy, M. Kalberer, M.R.Alfarra, A. Gascho, E. Weingartner, A.S.H. Prevot,B. Verheggen, and U. Baltensperger (2006) Laboratoryobservation of oligomers in the aerosol from$isoprene/NO_x$ photooxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett.,33, L13805, doi:10.1029/2006GL026523.
  11. Gard, E.E., M.J. Kleeman, D.S. Gross, L.S. Hughes, J.O.Allen, B.D. Morrical, D.P. Fergenson, T. Dienes,M.E. Galli, R.J. Johnson, G.R. Cass, and K.A.Prather (1998) Direct observation of heterogeneouschemistry in the atmosphere, Science, 279(5354),1184-1187. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5354.1184
  12. Gray, H.A., G.R. Cass, J.J. Huntzicker, E.K. Heyerdahl, andJ.A. Rau (1986) Characteristics of atmosphericorganic and elemental carbon particle concentrationsin Los Angeles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 20,580-582. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00148a006
  13. Guenther, A., T. Karl, P. Harley, C. Wiedinmyer, P.I. Palmer,and C. Geron (2006) Estimates of global terrestrialisoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissionsof Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos.Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006
  14. Gustafsson, O., M. Krusa, Z. Zencak, R.J. Sheesley, L.Granat, E. Engstrom, P.S. Praveen, P.S.P. Rao, C.Leck, and H. Rodhe (2009) Brown clouds overSouth Asia: biomass or fossil fuel combustion?,Science, 323(5913), 495-498. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164857
  15. Hagler, G.S., M.H. Bergin, L.G. Salmon, J.Z. Yu, E.C.H. Wan,M. Zheng, L.M. Zeng, C.S. Kiang, Y.H. Zhang,A.K.H. Lau, and J.J. Schauer (2006) Source areasand chemical composition of fine particulate matterin the pearl river delta region of China, Atmos.Environ., 40(20), 3802-3815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.032
  16. Han, Y., J. Cao, J.C. Chow, J.G. Watson, Z. An, Z. Jin, K.Fung, and S. Liu (2007) Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for discrimination betweenchar- and soot-EC, Chemosphere, 69(4), 569-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.024
  17. IPCC (2007) in Climate Change 2007: The Physical ScienceBasis (Contribution of Working Group I to the FourthAssessment Report of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change) Editied by Solomon, S.,D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, CambridgeUniv. Press, New York, 131-217.
  18. Jang, M., S. Lee, and R.M. Kamens (2003) Organic aerosolgrowth by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactionsof octanal in a flow reactor, Atmos. Environ., 37,2125-2138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00077-3
  19. Jones, A.M. and R.M. Harrison (2005) Interpretation of particulateelemental and organic carbon concentrationsat rural, urban and kerbside sites, Atmos. Environ.,39(37), 7114-7126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.017
  20. Kim, E. and P.K. Hopke (2004a) Source apportionment of fineparticles at Washington, DC utilizing temperatureresolved carbon fractions, J. Air Waste Manage.Assoc., 54, 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10470948
  21. Kim, E. and P.K. Hopke (2004b) Improving source identificationof fine particles in a rural northeastern U.S. areautilizing temperature-resolved carbon fractions, J.Geophys. Res., 109, D09204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004199
  22. Kim, E., P.K. Hopke, D.M. Kenski, and M. Koerber (2005)Sources of in a rural Midwestern U.S. area, Environ.Sci. Technol., 39, 4953-4960. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0490774
  23. Kim, E., P.K. Hopke, and E.S. Edgerton (2004) Improvingsource identification of Atlanta aerosol using temperatureresolved carbon fractions in positive matrixfactorization, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3349-3362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.012
  24. Kim, I., S. Li, and K.-R. Kim (2008) Variations of trace gasesconcentrations and their relationship with the airmass characteristic at Gosan, Korea, Korean J. ofAtmos. Environ., 24(5), 584-593. (in Korean withEnglish abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2008.24.5.584
  25. Kim, Y.P., J.H. Lee, N.J. Baik, J.Y. Kim, S.G. Shim, and C.H.Kang (1998) Summertime characteristics of aerosolcomposition at Cheju Island, Korea, Atmos. Environ.,32(22), 3905-3915. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00108-3
  26. Kim, Y.P., K.-C. Moon, and J.H. Lee (2000) Organic and elementalcarbon in fine particles at Kosan, Korea,Atmos., Environ., 34(20), 3309-3317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00445-8
  27. Kondo, Y., Y. Miyazaki, N. Takegawa, T. Miyakawa, R.J.Weber, J.L. Jimenez, Q. Zhang, and D.R. Worsnop(2007) Oxygenated and water-soluble organic aerosolsin Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01203, doi:10.1029/2006JD007056.
  28. Kroll, J.H., N.L. Ng, S.M. Murphy, R.C. Flagan, and J.H. Seinfeld(2006) Secondary organic aerosol formationfrom isoprene photooxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol.,40, 1869-1877. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0524301
  29. Lee, H.-W., T.J. Lee, and D.S. Kim (2009) Identifying ambient$PM_{2.5}$ sources and estimating their contributionsby using PMF : Separation of gasoline and dieselautomobile sources by analyzing ECs and OCs, J.Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 25(1), 75-89. (in Koreanwith English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2009.25.1.075
  30. Lee, J.Y., Y.P. Kim, G.N. Bae, S.M. Park, and H.C. Jin (2008)The characteristics of particulate PAHs concentrationsat a roadside in Seoul, J. Korean Soc. Atmos.Environ., 24(2), 133-142. (in Korean with Englishabstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2008.24.2.133
  31. Lee, M., M. Song, K.J. Moon, J.S. Han, G. Lee, and K.-R. Kim(2007) Origins and chemical characteristics of fineaerosols during the northeastern Asia regional experiment(Atmospheric Brown Cloud-East Asia RegionalExperiment 2005), J. Geophys. Res., 112,D22 S29, doi:10.1029/2006JD008210.
  32. Lim, S. (2009) Source signature of ions and carbonaceouscompounds in submicron and supermicron aerosolsat Gosan-super site, Jeju, South Korea. Master’sthesis, Korea University, 32-33.
  33. Maria, S.F., L.M. Russell, M.K. Gilles, and S.C.B. Myneni(2004) Organic aerosol growth mechanisms andtheir climate-forcing implications, Science, 306(5703), 1921, doi: 10.1126/science. 1103491.
  34. Moon, K.J., J.S. Han, Y.S. Ghim, and Y.J. Kim (2008) Sourceapportionment of fine carbonaceous particles bypositive matrix factorization at Gosan backgroundsite in East Asia, Environ. Int., 34(5), 654-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.021
  35. Ng, N.L., A.J. Kwan, J.D. Surratt, A.W.H. Chan, P.S. Chhabra,A. Sorooshian, H.O.T. Pye, J.D. Crounse, P.O.Wennberg, R.C. Flagan, and J.H. Seinfeld (2008)Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation fromreaction of isoprene with nitrate radicals $(NO_3)$,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4117-4140. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4117-2008
  36. Park, S.S., Y.J. Kim, and K. Fung (2001) Characteristics of$PM_{2.5}$ carbonaceous aerosol in the Sihwa industrialarea, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 35(4), 657-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00357-5
  37. Ramanathan, V., M.V. Ramana, G. Roberts, D. Kim, C. Corrigan,C. Chung, and D. Winker (2007) Warmingtrends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption,Nature, 448, 575-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06019
  38. Ramanathan, V. and G. Carmichael (2008) Global and regionalclimate changes due to black carbon, Nature Geoscience,1, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156
  39. Russell, L.M., S.F. Maria, and S.C.B. Myneni (2002) Mappingorganic coatings on atmospheric particles, Geophys.Res. Lett., 29(16), 1779, doi:10.1029/2002GL014874.
  40. Schmidt, M. and A. Noack (2000) Black carbon in soils andsediments: analysis, distribution, implications, andcurrent challenges, Global Biogeochem. Cycles,14(3), 777-793. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001208
  41. Shah, J.J., R.L. Johnson, E.K. Heyerdahl, and J.J. Huntzicker(1986) Carbonaceous aerosol at urban and rural sitesin the United States, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc.,36, 254-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466065
  42. Shin, H.J., J. Kim, B.C. Choi, S.N. Oh, J. Yu, and K. Bower(2002) Concentrations of air pollutants measured atKosan during ACE-Asia intensive observation period, Korean J. of Atmos. Environ., 18(6), 487-501.(in Korean with English abstract)
  43. Simoneit, B.R.T., M. Kobayashi, M. Mochida, K. Kawamura,M. Lee, H.-J. Lim, B.J. Turpin, and Y. Komazaki(2004) Composition and major sources of organiccompounds of aerosol particulate matter sampledduring the ACE-Asia campaign, J. Geophys. Res.,109, D19S10, doi:10.1029/2004JD004598.
  44. Stohl, A., C. Forster, A. Frank, P. Seibert, and G. Wotawa(2005) The Lagrangian particle dispersion modelFLEX-PART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,5(9), 2461-2474. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005
  45. Streets, D.G., T.C. Bond, G.R. Carmichael, S.D. Fernandes,Q. Fu, D. He, Z. Klimont, S.M. Nelson, N.Y. Tsai,M.Q. Wang, J.-H. Woo, and K.F. Yarber (2003) Aninventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissionsin Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res.,108(D21), 8809, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093.
  46. Surratt, J.D., S.M. Murphy, J.H. Kroll, N.L. Ng, L. Hildebrandt,A. Sorooshian, R. Szmigielski, R. Vermeylen, W.Maenhaut, M. Claeys, R.C. Flagan, and J.H. Seinfeld(2006) Chemical composition of secondaryorganic aerosol formed from the photooxidation ofisoprene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 9665-9690. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp061734m
  47. Szidat, S., M. Ruff, N. Perron, L. Wacker, H.-A. Synal, M.Hallquist, A.S. Shannigrahi, K.E. Yttri, C. Dye, andD. Simpson (2009) Fossil and non-fossil sources oforganic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) inGoteborg, Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521-1535, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1521-2009.
  48. Wang, G.H., K. Kawamura, and M. Lee (2009) Comparisonof organic compositions in dust storm and normalaerosol samples collected at Gosan, Jeju Island,during spring 2005 Atmos. Environ., 43(2), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.046
  49. Yang, F., K. He, B. Ye, X. Chen, L. Cha, S.H. Cadle, T. Chan,and P.A. Mulawa (2005) One-year record of organicand elemental carbon in fine particles in downtownBeijing and Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1449-1457, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005.
  50. Zhao, W. and P.K. Hopke (2006) Source identification for fineaerosols in Mammoth Cave National Park, Atmos.Res., 80(4), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.002

Cited by

  1. Measurement and Interpretation of Time Variations of Particulate Matter Observed in the Busan Coastal Area in Korea vol.5, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2011.5.2.105
  2. OC and EC at Gosan: Seasonal Variations and Characteristics of High-concentration Episodes vol.29, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2013.29.3.237
  3. Characteristics of Particulate Carbon in the Ambient Air in the Korean Peninsula vol.31, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2015.31.4.330