Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Exhaustive Exercise and Aged Garlic Extract Supplementation on Weight, Adipose Tissue Mass, Lipid Profiles and Oxidative Stress in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats

탈진적 운동과 마늘진액 섭취가 고지방식이로 비만이 유도된 흰쥐에 체중, 지방량, 혈중지질 및 산화적 스트레스에 미치는 영향

  • Lee, Hyun-Mi (Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University) ;
  • Seo, Dae-Yun (Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Ho (Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University) ;
  • Baek, Yeong-Ho (Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University)
  • 이현미 (부산대학교 대학원 체육학과) ;
  • 서대윤 (부산대학교 대학원 체육학과) ;
  • 이상호 (부산대학교 대학원 체육학과) ;
  • 백영호 (부산대학교 대학원 체육학과)
  • Received : 2010.11.19
  • Accepted : 2010.12.12
  • Published : 2010.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this present study was to investigate the effects of long-term treadmill running and aged garlic extract supplementation on weight, adipose tissue mass, lipid profiles and oxidative stress after exhaustion in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were used as subjects. High fat diets were fed to all subjects for 6 weeks in order to induce obesity. The subjects were divided into five groups - N (normal diet group), HD (high fat diet group), E (exercise group), EA (exercise with AGE diet group) and A (AGE diet group). Aerobic exercise was performed through treadmill running and AGE at a dosage of 2.86 kg/g was administered to rats 30 min before every exercise for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, all groups completed acute treadmill running (speed increasing gradually to 25 m/min, 15% uphill grade) until exhaustion. Immediately after exhaustive treadmill exercise, the weight, adipose tissue mass, lipid profiles and oxidative stress of the rats were assayed. At the end of 6 weeks of high fat diets, body weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in the high fat diet groups than in the normal diet group (p<0.001). At the end of treadmill exercise with AGE intake for 4 weeks, body weight gain, visceral and epididymal fat of the E and EA groups were significantly decreased compared to other groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius and soleus. T-C, HDL-C, TG and LDL-C were not significant in any of the groups. TBARS was significantly lower in the A group than in the E group (p<0.05). These results indicated that body weight gain, visceral and epididymal fat decreased in the E and EA groups, and TBARS levels were lower in the A group than the E group. Regular aerobic exercise intervention with AGE supplementation may also modify the adipose weight and improve the oxidant stress in obese rats.

본 연구는 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 흰쥐에 4주간 마늘진액섭취와 treadmill running을 실시한 후 탈진적 운동을 실시하여 체중, 지방량, 혈중지질 및 산화적 스트레스에 미치는 영향에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험대상은 3주령 SD계 rats 30마리를 6주간 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 후 정상식이군(N), 고지방식이군(HD), 운동군(E), 운동과 마늘섭취군(EA), 마늘섭취군(A)으로 구분하였고, 4주간 treadmill running과 운동 30분 전에 AGE를 섭취시킨 후 실험최종일 모든 그룹을 고강도 탈진적 운동을 실시하였다. 그 결과 6주간 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 고지방식이군(HD)은 정상식이군(N)에 비해 체중과 체중 증가량이 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 그리고 4주간 treadmill running과 마늘섭취를 병행한 결과, 운동군(E)과 운동과 마늘섭취군(EA)에서 체중 증가량, 복부지방량과 부고환지방량이 다른 군에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 비복근과 가자미근은 그룹 간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 혈중지질의 변화에서 그룹 간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 산화적 스트레스는 운동군(E)보다 마늘섭취(A)군이 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 규칙적인 유산소 운동과 마늘진액섭취는 체중과 체지방량 감소에 유의한 효과를 나타내고, 마늘진액섭취가 규칙적인 유산소 운동보다 효과적으로 산화적 스트레스를 방어하는 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, Y. M. 2004. Effects of allium vegetable intake on blood glucose levels and antioxidative activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Duksung Woman’s University.
  2. Arjmandi, B. H., J. Ahn, S. Nathani, and R. D. Reeves. 1992. Dietary soluble fiber and cholesterol affect serum cholesterol concentration, hepatic portal venous short-chain fatty acid concentration and fecal sterol excretion in rats. J. Nutr. 122, 246-253.
  3. Bae, G. W. 2009. Effects of black garlic intake on exhaust variables in blood, immunoglobulin, liver function and antioxidants after the maximal exercise. Keimyung University.
  4. Ban, H. N. 2010. The effects of 12 weeks circuit training and black garlic intake on body composition, lipid profiles and C-reactive protein and bone density in middle-aged women. MS Thesis. Pusan National University Physical Educaiton.
  5. Brooks, G. A. and T. P. White. 1978. Determination of metabolic and heart rate responses of rats to treadmill exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 45, 1009.
  6. Cefalu, W. T., J. Ye, A. Zuberi, D. M. Ribnicky, I. Raskin, and Z. Liu. 2008. Botanicals and the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87, 481-487.
  7. Choi, S. U. 2007. Effects of Diaphragm Breathing and Garlic Powder Intake on Body Composion, Cardiopulmonary Function, Blood Lipids, Immunoglobulin and Adiponection in Middle-aged Male smokers. Pusan National University.
  8. Chung, L. Y. 2006. The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cyseine, allicin, and allyl disulfide. J. Med. Food 9, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.205
  9. Cinti, S., G. Mitchell, G. Barbatelli, I. Murano, E. Ceresi, E. Faloia, S. Wang, M. Fortier, A. S. Greenberg, and M. S. Obin. 2005. Adipocyte death defines marcrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J. Lipid Res. 46, 2347-2355. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200
  10. Dandona, P., A. Aljada, A. Chaudhuri, P. Mohanty, and R. Garg. 2005. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 111, 1448-1454. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000158483.13093.9D
  11. Dillson, S. A., G. M. Low, D. Billington, and K. Rahman. 2002. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-protaglandin F (2-alpha) in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. J. Nutr. 132, 163-170.
  12. Dudak, G., J. Suliburska, and D. Pupek-Musialik. 2008. Effects of shorts-term garlic supplementation on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in hypertensive adults. Pharmacol. Rep. 60, 163-170.
  13. Durstine, J. L., P. W. Grandjean, P. G., Davis., M. A. Ferguson, N. L. Alderson, and K. D. Dubose. 2001. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptation to exercise. Sports Medicine 31, 1033-1062. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131150-00002
  14. Elkayam, A., D. Mirelman, E. Peleg, M. Wilchek, T. Miron, A. Rabinkov, M. Oron-Herman, and T. Rosenthal. 2003. The effects of allicin on weight in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive rats. Am. J. Hypertens. 16, 1053-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.07.011
  15. Elosua, R., L. Molona, M. Fito, A. Arquer, J. L. Sanchez Quesada, M. I. Covas, J. Ordonez-Lianos, and J. Marrugat. 2003. Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity in healthy young men and women. Atherosclerosis 167, 332-334.
  16. Furukawa S., T. Fujita, M. Shimabukuro, M. Lwaki, Y. Yamada, Y. Nakajima, O. Nakayama, M. Makishima, M. Matsuda, and I. Shimomura. 2004. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 1752-1761. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI21625
  17. Goldberg, L., D. L. Elliot, R. W. Schultz, and F. E. Kloster. 1984. Changers in lipid and lipoprotein levels after weight training. Am. J. Med. 252, 504-506.
  18. Griffiths, D. W. 1986. The inhibition of digestive enzymes by polyphenolic compounds. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 199, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0022-0_29
  19. Guzy, R. D. 2005. Mitochondrial complex III is required for hypoxia-induced ROS production and cellar oxygen sensing. Cell Metab. 1, 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2005.05.001
  20. Hamburg, N. M., C. J. McMackin, and A. L. Hung. 2007. Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27, 2650-2656. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288
  21. Hosogai, N. 2007. Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes 56, 901-911. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0911
  22. Hyun, J. J. and M. J. Choi. 2002. Effect of 1% garlic powder on serum and liver lipid and plasma amino acid concentration in rats fed cholesterol diet. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 31, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.1.098
  23. Kanda, H., S. Tateya, Y. Tamori, K. Kotani, K. Hiasa, R. Kitazawa, S. Kitazawa, H. Miyachi, S. Maeda, K. Egashira, and M. Kasuga. 2006. MCP-1 contributes to macerophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1494-1505. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI26498
  24. Kim, H. R., S. T. Jeong., B. H. Lee, and D. J. Jeong. 2001. The protective effect of antioxidants supplementation and exercise intensity on the lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 40, 661-674.
  25. Kim, J. Y., L. A. Nolte, P. A. Hansen, D. H. Han, K. Ferguson, P. A. Thompso, and J. O. Holloszy. 2000. High-fat diet-induced muscle insulin resistance: relationship to visceral fat mass. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiolol. 279, 2057-2065.
  26. Kim, M. J. and S. J. Lee. 2002. Effects of green tea on hepatic antioxidative defense system and muscle fatigue recovery in rat after aerobic exercise. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nur. 31, 1058-1064. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.6.1058
  27. King, D. J. and N. Devaney. 1988. Clinical pharmacology of sibutramine hydrochloride (BTS 54524), a new antidepressant, in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26, 607-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05303.x
  28. Kissebah, A. H., N. Vydelingum, R. Murray, D. J. Evans, A. J. Hartz, R. K. Kalkhoff, and P. W. Admas. 1982. Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-54-2-254
  29. Krotkiewski, M., P. Bjorntorp, L. Sjostrom, and U. Smith. 1983. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J. Clin. Invest. 72, 1150-1162. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111040
  30. Kwon, M. J., Y. S. Sog, M. S. Choi, S. J. Park, K. S. Jeong, and Y. O. Song. 2003. Cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbits supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder. Life Sci. 72, 2953-2964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00234-0
  31. Lawler, J. M., S. K. Powers, J. Mammeren, and A. D. Martin. 1993. Oxygen cost of treadmill running in 24-month-old Fischer-344 rats. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 1259-1264.
  32. Lee, H. S. 2010. Effects on antioxidative capacity and lipid inprovement of black garlic according to different aging periods. Kyungsung University.
  33. Lee, M. J., B. M. Ryu, Y. S. Lee, and G. S. Moon. 2002. Effect of long term Buchu (Chinese chives) diet on antioxidative system of ICR mice. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Tech. 31, 834-839. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2002.31.5.834
  34. Lee, M. Y. 2008. Effects of diacyglycerol supplementation and different type of training on blood lipid profile, antioxidant system and RMR change in obese men. Yensei University.
  35. Lee, S. J., S. K. Choi, and J. S. Seo. 2009. Grape skin improves antioxidant capacity in rats fed a high fat diet. Nutr. Res. Pract. 3, 279-285. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2009.3.4.279
  36. Lee, S. K., S. H. So, E. I. Hwang, and B. S. Koo. 2008. Effect if ginseng and herbal plant mixtures on anti-obesity in obese SD rat induced by high fat diet. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 37, 437-444. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.4.437
  37. Lee, Y. E. 2009. Factors related to obesity and chronic disease prevalence according to obesity types: 1998-2005 KNHANES. Ewha Woman’s University.
  38. Lia, A., G. Hallmans, and A. Sandberg. 1995. $\beta$-Glucan increase bile acid excretion in a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 1245-1251.
  39. Mankovsky, B. N. and D. Ziegler. 2004. Stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev. 20, 268-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.490
  40. McMahon, F. G. and R. Vargas. 1993. Can garlic lower blood pressure? Apilot study. Pharmacotherapy 13, 406-407.
  41. Minstry of education, science and technology. 2009. ’06-08 year’ Result of fitness evaluation in school. Seoul.
  42. Naoaki M., T. Nishihama, M. Ushijima, N. Ide, H. Takeda, and M. Hayama. 2007. Garlic as an anti-fatigue agent. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51, 329-1334.
  43. Nathan, C. 2008. Epidemic inflammation: pondering obesity. Mol. Med. 14, 485-492.
  44. Oben, J. E., D. M. Enyegue, G. I. Fomekong, Y. B. Soukontoua, and G. A. Agbor. 2007. The effect of Cissus quadrangularis (GQR-300) and a Cissus formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress. Lipids Health Dis. 6, 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-6-4
  45. Ohkawa, H., N, Ohishi, and K, Yagi. 1979. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reation. Anal. Biochem. 95, 351. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
  46. Perez, D. D., P. Strobel, R. Foncea, M. S. Diez, L. Vasquez, I. Urquiaga, O. Castillo, A. Cuevas, A. San Martin, and F. Leighton. 2002. Wine, diet, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 957, 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02912.x
  47. Peter, B., C. Peter, B. Michal, G. Peter, K. Anton, K. Marian, P. Nadezda, L. Tibor, O. Tammo, and S. Katarina. 2009. Regular moderate exercise reduces advanced glycation and ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy in obese Zucker rats. Meta. Clin. Experi. 58, 1660-1677.
  48. Quan-Sheng, S., T. Te, Z. Jian-Guo, and Z. Hui. 2008. Effects of allicin supplementation on plasma markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, IL-6 and antioxidant capacity. Eur. J. Appl Physiol. 103, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0699-5
  49. Seo, Y. H. 2004. Effects of TaeKwonDo training on blood antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Chosun University.
  50. Terra, X., V. Pallares, A. Ardèvol, C. Blade, J. Fernandez-Larrea, G. Pujadas, J. Salvado, L. Arola, and M. Blay. 2010. Modulatory effect of grape-seed procyanidins on local and systemic inflammation in diet-induced obesity rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 22, [Epub ahead of print].
  51. Urso, M. L. and P. M. Clarkson. 2003. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology 189, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00151-3
  52. Witt, E. H., A. Z. Reznick, C. A. Viguie, P. Starke-Reed, and L. Packer. 1992. Exercise, oxidative damage and effects of antioxidant manipulation. J. Nutr. 122, 766-773.
  53. Woo, D. Y. and E. N. An. 2010. Effects of L-arginine and treadmil1 exercise with high fat-diet on growth hormone, body weight and abdominal fat in rats. Korean Soc. Measur. Evaluation. Phy. Edu. Sports Sci. 12, 89-100.
  54. Woo, J. H. and Y. S. Kwak. 2001. The effects of a regular aerobic exercise on heart rate, blood pressure, and serum lipid items in WKY, SHR and RICO rats. Korean J. Phy. Edu. 40, 663-670.
  55. Yoon, G. A. 2006. Effect of garlic supplement and exercise on plasma lipid and antioxidant enzyme system in rats. Korean J. Nutr. 39, 3-10.
  56. Zacour, A. C., M. E. Silva, P. R. Cecon, E. A. Bambirra, and E. C. Vieira. 1992. Effect of dietary chitin on cholesterol absorption and metabolism in rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 38, 609-613. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.38.609

Cited by

  1. Effects of Black Garlic Supplementation and Exercise on TBARS, HSP 70 and COX-2 Expression after High-intensity Exercise vol.22, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2012.22.6.772
  2. Effect of Black Garlic and Herb Formulas on Lipid Profiles and Antioxidant Status in Rats by Interval Running Training vol.23, pp.12, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2013.23.12.1436
  3. Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Black Garlic Intake on Blood Lipids, Lipid Peroxidation and BAP in Rats vol.21, pp.7, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2011.21.7.1025
  4. Effects of Cheonggukjang Diet and Aerobic Exercise on Lipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Enzyme in Rats vol.23, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2013.23.5.657
  5. The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Blood Lipid Profiles, Fibrinolytic Activities, and Nitric Oxide Levels in High-fat-diet induced Rats vol.25, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2015.25.12.1432