Coastal Zone Management in the United States of America

미국의 해안관리 -New Jerseyization의 반성과 연방정부 연안역관리 프로그램의 확산-

  • Yu, Keun-Bae (Department of Geography, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University)
  • 유근배 (서울대학교 사회과학대학 지리학과)
  • Published : 2009.09.30

Abstract

Every coastal area exhibits its own unique landscape owing to the combination of the natural and cultural processes. Coastal barrier islands well show the cultural aspects of American coastal landscapes. Some 47% of barrier island area was occupied by urban and built-up area in New Jersey, while some 5% in Georgia. Tourism-related development is back to in the mid 19C. in N.J. due to the closeness to heavily populated areas such as New York and Philadelphia. Developments without proper understanding the nature of coastal processes caused New Jerseyization, the destruction of the beauty or naturalness. It was mainly due to the lack of growth-control policies and the foresight for the future coast in the processes of legislation. North Carolina's islands experienced an increase of 269% in urbanized acreage between 1956 and 1976. However, N.C. exercised her wisdom to recover the naturalness of the coastal environs: all engineering structures are banned on the beaches. Nine out of 13 barrier islands in Georgia exist in the wilderness condition owing to her unique history. The remaining islands still experienced the least development. After the Civil War most of Georgian islands were owned by rich families and maintained as wilderness. In the 1970s most of the uninhabited islands were sold or donated to research institutes or governmental agencies.

해안은 다양한 지형 프로세스와 역사, 문화가 어우러져 지역에 따라 독특한 문화경관을 나타내고 있다. 미국 동부 해안을 따라 발달된 사주 섬은 문화경관의 지역적 차이를 잘 보여주고 있다. 사주 섬의 토지이용을 살펴보면, 1970년대 초에 조지아에서 5%, 노스캐롤라이나에서 14%, 그리고 뉴저지에서 47%가 도시적으로 이용되었다. 19세기 중반부터 개발되기 시작한 뉴저지의 해안지역에서는 성장억제책이 부족했고, 입법 활동에서 미래 해안환경에 대한 통찰력을 결여했기 때문에 많은 지역에서 자연 해빈이 대부분 사라지는 뉴저지제이션 현상이 발생했다. 노스캐롤라이나는 해안관리와 입법과정에서 탁월한 지혜를 보여 해안의 자연성을 회복해나가고 있다. 조지아 해안은 남북전쟁 이후 독특한 토지이용으로 자연성을 회복하였고, 1970년 이후 대부분의 사주 섬이 학술기관이나 환경보호 관련 기관의 관리로 이전되어 16개 가운데 9개의 사주 섬은 야생상태를 유지하고 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. 유근배, 1999,'미국 습지보전의 역사적 변천과 규제기제,'미국학, 22, 181-206
  2. 유근배(역), 2008, 해안위험관리, 한울(Psuty, N. P. and Ofiara, D. D., 2002, Coastal Hazard Management: Lessons and Future Directions from New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick)
  3. 이준구, 1999, '미국 환경정책의 현황,'미국학, 22, 207-249
  4. 최대권, 1991, 英美法, 박영사
  5. Clayton, T. D., Taylor, L. A. Jr., Cleary, W. J., and Hosier, P. E., 1992, Living with the Georgia Shore, Duke University Press, Durham
  6. 유근배(역), 2007, 해안보호, 한울(French, P. W., 2001,Coastal Defences: Processes, Problems and Solutions, Routledge, London)
  7. GAO, 2008, Coastal Zone Management: Measuring Program’s Effectiveness Continues to Be a Challenge, GAO-08-1045
  8. Goodhead, T. and Johnson, D., 1996, Coastal Recreation and Management: the Sustainable Development of Maritime Leisure, E. and F. N. Spon Publishing, London
  9. Hail, J. R. and Hoyt, J. H., 1969, An appraisal of the evolution of the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia, U.S.A., Transctions, Institute of British Geographers, 46, 53-68
  10. Hoyt, J. H., 1967, Barrier island formation, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 78, 1125-1136 https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[1125:BIF]2.0.CO;2
  11. Koedel, C., 1979, The Future of the New Jersey Shore:Prblems and Recommended Solutions, Proceedings of The Center for Coastal and Environmental Studies, Rutgers Univ.
  12. Kunreuther, H. and Roth, R. J.(eds), 1998, Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance against Natural Disasters in the United States, Joseph Henry Press, Washington D.C
  13. Lins, H. Jr., 1980, Patterns and Trends of Land Use and Land Cover on Atlantic and Gulf Coast Barrier Islands, U.S.G.S., Professional Paper 1156, US Gov. Printing Office
  14. Maher, N. M.(ed), 2006, New Jersey’s Environments: Past,Present, and Future, Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick
  15. Masselink, G. and Hughes, M., 2003, Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology, Arnold,London
  16. Nordstrom, K. F., Gares, P. A., Psuty, N. P., Pilkey, O. Jr., Neal, W., and Pilkey, O. H. Sr., 1986, Living with the New Jersey Shore, Duke University Press, Durham
  17. Pilkey, O. H., Neal, W. J., Riggs, S. R., Webb, C. A., Bush, D. M., Bullock, J., and Cowan, B., 1998, The North Carolina Shore and Its Barrier Islands, Duke University Press, Durham
  18. Platt, R. H., Miller, H. C., Beatly, T., Melville, J., and Mathenia, B. G., 1992, Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded?, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder
  19. http://earth.google.com/