Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of corn gluten and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet

  • Kim, Joo-Hee (Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Park, Ju-Yeon (Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Hong, So-Young (Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Ewha Womans University)
  • Published : 2009.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study examined the effects of com gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of camitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM & Cook-Newell ME (1995). Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipid. N Engl J Med 333:276-282 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199508033330502
  2. AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. In : AOAC, p.840-850, 15th ed. AOAC International, Arlington, Va. USA
  3. Aoyama T, Fukui K, Nakamori T, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto T, Takamatsu K & Sugano M (2000a). Effect of soy and milk whey protein isolates and their hydrolysates on weight reduction in genetically obese mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64:2594-2600 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.64.2594
  4. Aoyama T, Fukui K, Takamatsu K, Hashimoto Y & Yamamoto T (2000b). Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate reduce body fat of dietary obese rats and genetically obese mice (yellow KK). Nutrition 16:349-354 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00230-6
  5. Bieber LL & Markwell M (1981). Peroximal and microsomal carnitine acetyltransferase. Methods in Enzymology 71:351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(81)71044-9
  6. Bligh EG & Dyer WJ (1959). A rapid method of total lipids extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911-917 https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
  7. Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL & Beaufrere B (1997). Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:14930-14935 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930
  8. Boza JJ, Moennoz D, Vuichoud J, Jarret AR, Gaudard-de-Weck D & Ballevre O (2000). Protein hydrolysate vs free amino acid-based diets on the nutritional recovery on the starved rat. Eur J Nutr 39:237-243 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003940070001
  9. Canolty NL, Miller PS, Lewis AJ, Wolverton CK & Stroup WW (1995). Changes in plasma urea concentration can be used to determine protein requirements of two populations of pigs with different protein accretion rates. J Anim Sci 73:2631-2639 https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7392631x
  10. Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council (1995). Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals, 4th ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC. USA
  11. Cota D, Proulx K, Blake Smith KA, Kozma SC & Thomas G (2006). Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science 312:927-930 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124147
  12. Daenzer M, Petake KJ, Bequette BJ & Metges CC (2001). Whole-body nitrogen and splanchnic amino acid metabolism differ in rats fed mixed diets containing casein or its corresponding amino acid mixture. J Nutr 131:1965-1972 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.7.1965
  13. David LN & Michael MC (2004). Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th ed. Worth Publishers, New York. USA
  14. Frank BH (2005). Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 82:242S-247S https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.1.242S
  15. Frings CS & Dunn RT (1970). A colorimetric method for determination of total serum lipid based on the sulfuric-phosphovanillin reaction. Am J Clin Nutr 53:89-90
  16. Garlick PJ (2005). The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. J Nutr 135:1553S-1556S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.6.1553S
  17. Geer BW, Krochko D, Oliver MJ, Walker VK & Williamson JH (1980). A comparative study of the NADP-malic enzymes from Drosophila and chick liver. Comp Biochem Physiol 65B:25-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(80)90109-1
  18. Gutierrez MA, Mitsuya T, Hatta H, Koketsu M, Kobayashi R, Juneja LR & Kim M (1998). Comparison of egg-yolk protein hydrolysate and soyabean protein hydrolysate in terms of nitrogen utilization. Br J Nutr 80:477-484 https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711459800155X
  19. H$\'{e}$li$\`{e}$s JM, Diane A, Langlois A, Larue-Achagiotis C, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Mormede P & Marissal-Arvy N (2005). Comparison of fat storage between Fischer 344 and obesity-resistant Lou/C rats fed different diets. Obes Res 13:3-10 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.3
  20. Horiguchi N, Horiguchi H & Suzuki Y (2005). Effect of wheat gluten hydrolysate on the immune system in healthy human subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:2445-2449 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.2445
  21. Hwang EH, Kang BG, Kim BR & Lee HJ (2001). Protein quality evaluation and effect of plasma lipid contents of acid hydrolysates of cocoon in rats fed by high cholesterol, high triglyceride and high sucrose diet. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science Nutrition 30:1004-1009
  22. Iritani N, Hosomi H, Fukuda H, Tada K & Ikeda H (1996). Soybean protein suppresses hepatic lipogenic enzyme gene expression in Wistar fatty rats. J Nutr 126:380-388 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.2.380
  23. Iritani N, Nagashima K, Fukuda H, Katsurada A & Tanaka T (1986). Effects of dietary proteins on lipogenic enzymes in rat liver. J Nutr 116:190-197 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.2.190
  24. Ishihara K, Fukuchi Y, Mizunoya W, Mita Y, Fukuya Y, Fushiki T & Yasumoto K (2003). Amino acid composition of soybean protein increased postprandial carbohydrate oxidation in diabetic mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67:2505-2511 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.2505
  25. Kagawa K, Matshtaka H, Fukuhama C, Fujino H & Okuda H (1998). Suppressive effect of globin digest on postprandial hyperlipidemia in male volunteers. J Nutr 128:56-60 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.1.56
  26. Kim DM, Ahn CW & Nam SY (2005). Prevalence of obesity in Korea. Obes Rev 6:117-121 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00173.x
  27. Layman DK (2003). The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr 133:261S-267S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.1.261S
  28. Layman DK & Walker DA (2006). Potential importance of leucine in treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 136:319S-23S https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.319S
  29. Lee HJ, Kim WL, Kim KH, Kim HK & Lee HJ (2004). Antitumor activity of peptide fraction from traditional Korean soy sauce. J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:628-630
  30. Lee HM & Chang UJ (2001). Effect of corn peptide on the lipid metabolism in rats. Korean Journal of Dietary Culture 16:416-422
  31. Lee YS, Shin MK, Lee YD & Lee HS (1997). Enhanced effects of gluten hydrolysate on solubility and bioavailability of calcium in rats. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 30:40-47
  32. Lu XX, Chen XH & Tang JZ (2000). Studies on the functional property of enzymatic modified corn protein. Food Science 21:13-15
  33. Markwell M, McGroarty EJ, Bieber LL & Tolbert NE (1973). The subcellular distribution of carnitine acyltransferases in mammalian liver and kidney. J Biol Chem 248:3426-3432
  34. Metges CC, EI-Khoury AE, Selvaraj AB, Tsay RH, Atkinson A, Regan MM, Beguette BJ & Young VR (2000). Kinetics of L-[1-(13)C] leucine when ingested with free amino acids, unlabeled or intrinsically labeled casein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278:E1000-1009 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.6.E1000
  35. Miyoshi S, Ishikawa H, Kaneko T, Fukui F, Tanaka H & Maruyama S (1990). Structures and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in an α-zein hydrolysate. Agric Biol Chem 55:1313-1318
  36. Moriyama T, Kishimoto K, Nagai K, Urade R, Ogawa T, Utsumi S, Maruyama N & Maebuchi M (2004). Soybean beta-conglycinin diet suppresses serum triglyceride levels in normal and genetically obese mice by induction of beta-oxidation, downregulation of fatty acid synthase, and inhibition of triglyceride absorption. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68:352-359 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.68.352
  37. Motoi H & Kodama T (2003). Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from wheat gliadin hydrolysate. Nahrung 47:354-358 https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390081
  38. Nagata Y, Ishiwaki N & Sugano M (1982). Studies on the mechanism of antihypercholesterolemic action of soy protein and soy protein-type amino acid mixtures in relation to the casein counterparts in rats. J Nutr 112:1614-1625 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/112.8.1614
  39. Nepokroeff CM, Lakshmanan MR & Porter JW (1975). Fatty acid synthase from rat liver. Methods in Enzymology 35:37-44 https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(75)35136-7
  40. Noltmann EA, Gubler CJ & Kuby SA (1961). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwischenferment). I. Isolation of the crystalline enzyme from yeast. J Biol Chem 236:1225-1230
  41. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH & Fahey GC (1993). AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123:1939-1951 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.11.1939
  42. Suh HJ, Whang JH, Suh DB, Bae SH & Noh DO (2003). Preparation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory from corn gluten. Process Biochem 38:1239-1244 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00316-3
  43. WHO (2006). Fact sheet N$\circ$311. Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed on 12/1/2008
  44. Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Rushing PA, D'Alessio D & Tso P (2003). A controlled high-fat diet induces on obese syndrome in rats. J Nutr 133:1081-1087 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1081
  45. Yamaguchi M, Nishikiori F, Ito M & Furukawa Y (1996a). Effect of corn peptide on alcohol metabolism and plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:682-688
  46. Yamaguchi M, Takada M, Nozaki O, Ito M & Furukawa Y (1996b). Preparation of corn peptide from corn gluten meal and its administration effect on alcohol metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 42:219-231 https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.42.219
  47. Yang Y, Tao G, Liu P & Liu J (2007). Peptide with Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity from Hydrolyzed Corn Gluten Meal. J Agric Food Chem 55:7891-7895 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0705670
  48. Zheng XQ, Li LT, Liu XL, Wang XJ, Lin J & Li D (2006). Production of hydrolysate with antioxidative activity by enzymatic hydrolysis of extruded corn gluten. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:763-770 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0537-9

Cited by

  1. Corn Gluten Hydrolysate Affects the Time-Course of Metabolic Changes Through Appetite Control in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats vol.38, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2015.0107
  2. Plant Proteins Differently Affect Body Fat Reduction in High-fat Fed Rats vol.17, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2012.17.3.223
  3. Effect of the Japanese diet during pregnancy and lactation or post-weaning on the risk of metabolic syndrome in offspring vol.82, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1428788
  4. Effect of Leucine Intake on Body Weight Reduction in Rats Fed High Fat Diet vol.42, pp.8, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.8.714
  5. Effects of corn gluten hydrolyzates, branched chain amino acids, and leucine on body weight reduction in obese rats induced by a high fat diet vol.4, pp.2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2010.4.2.106
  6. Effects of Japanese Food Typical of That Consumed during Different Periods in the Past on Breast Milk-mediated Lipid Metabolism in Offspring vol.67, pp.5, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4327/jsnfs.67.255