Bivalvation Valvuloplasty for Common Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation in Functional Single Ventricle; Early and Mid-term Results

기능적 단심설에서 공통방실판 역류의 판막성형술; 판막 이분성형술(bivalvation)의 조기 및 중기 결과

  • Chang, Yun-Hee (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Sung, Si-Chan (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Seon-Hee (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University) ;
  • Lee, Hyoung-Doo (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University) ;
  • Ban, Ji-Eun (Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Puasn National University)
  • 장윤희 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 성시찬 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 김선희 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 이형두 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 소아과학교실) ;
  • 반지은 (부산대학교 의학전문대학원 소아과학교실)
  • Published : 2009.10.05

Abstract

Background: Atrioventricular valve regurgitation in pediatric patients with a functional single ventricles (FSV) - has been known as one of the important risk factors for death and unfavorable long-term results after a Fontan operation. We evaluated early and mid-term results of bivalvation valvuloplasty in FSV patients. Material and Method: We retrospectively evaluated 11 patients with a functional single ventricle who underwent bivalvationvalvuloplasty between 1999 and 2007. The degree of common atrioventricular valve regurgitation (CAVVR) was determined by color Doppler echocardiography (regurgitation grade scoring, trivial; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe; 4). Mean age at valve surgery was $6.9{\pm}7.0$ months (median 4 months, 24 days$\sim$21 months)and mean body weight was $6.2{\pm}2.8\;kg$ ($3.1{\sim}11.3\;kg$). Nine patients had isomerism heart and two of them had TAPVC. The concomitant procedures were performed in all but one patient. Additional commissural closure was performed in 3 patients and commissural annuloplasty in another 3 patients. Result: There was one hospital death after. surgery. A 32-day old patient who had been preoperatively dependent on a ventilator died of air way and lung problems 4.3 months after pulmonary artery banding and bivalvation valvuloplasty. Mean follow-up duration was 40 months ($4.3{\sim}114$ months). Mean preoperative CAVVR score was $3.3{\pm}0.6$, which decreased to $1.9{\pm}0.7$ postoperatively (p<0.0001). This residual regurgitation slightly increased to $2.2{\pm}0.4$ (no statistical significance) after a mean follow-up of 1.4.3 months. Six patients (60%) required re-operations for residual regurgitation at a subsequent bidirectionalcavopulmonary shunt or Fontan operation. One patient with Ebsteinoid malformation of the right sided atrioventricular valve required valve replacement due to stenoinsufficiency. Another patient required edge-to-edge repair at the right sided AV valve (between the right mural leaflet and the bridging leaflets). The remaining 4 patients required additional suture placements between bridging leaflets with or without commissural annuloplasty. All survivor had trivial or mild CAVVR at the latest follow-up. Conclusion: Bivalvation valvuloplasty for CAVVR in FSV patients is. an effective and safe procedure. However, significant numbers of the patients have small residual regurgitation and require additional valve procedures at subsequent operations. Long-term observations to monitor progression of the CAVVR is mandatory.

배경: 기능적 단심 실에서 방실판막 폐쇄부전은 폰탄수술 후 사망과 그 만기성적의 중요한 위험인자로 알려져 있다. 단심실의 공통방실판 페쇄부전에 대한 이분성형술(bivavaltion valvuloplasty)의 중단기 성적을 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년부터 2007년까지 판막 이분성형술을 시행한 기능적 단심실 환자 11명을 대상으로 하였다. 공통방실판 역류의 정도는 color Doppler 심초음파로 결정하였다 (경미(trivial); 1, 경도(mild); 2, 중등도(moderate); 3, 고도(severe); 4). 판막 수술 당시 평균 나이는 생후 $6.9{\pm}7.0$개월(중간 값 4개월, 범위 24일$\sim$21개월)이었고 평균 체중은 $6.2{\pm}2.8\;kg$ (범위: $3.1{\sim}11.3\;kg$)이었다. 9명의 환자가 심방이형증(atrial isomerism)을 갖고 있었으며 이 중 두 명은 총폐정맥연결 이상을 동반하였다. 1예를 제외한 모든 예에서 동시에 다른 수술이 함께 시행되었다. 판막 이분성형술 이외에 같이 시행된 판막 술식은 3예에서 교련봉합술, 또 다른 3예에서 교련부 판륜성형술을 시행하였다. 결과: 병원사망이 1예 있었는데 술 전 인공호흡이 필요하였던 생후 32일된 환아로, 폐동맥교약술과 함께 판막 이분성형술을 시행한 후 4.3개월에 기도와 폐 질환으로 사망하였다. 평균 추적기간은 40개월(범위: $4.3{\sim}114$개월)이었다. 평균 수술 전 공통방실판 역류는 $3.3{\pm}0.6$이었고 이는 수슬 후 $1.9{\pm}0.7$로 개선되었다(p<0.0001). 이 잔존 역류는 평균 14.3개월 후 $2.2{\pm}0.4$로 조금 증가하였으나 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 6명(60%)의 환아에서 잔존 역류로 인해 양방성 상공정맥-폐동맥 단락술이나 폰탄수술 시에 판막에 대한 재수술이 필요하였다. 1예는 우측 방실판막에 엡스타인기형 형태를 갖고 있었던 환아로 방실판 협착 및 역류로 인해 판막치 환술을 시행하였다. 다른 1명의 환아는 우측 방실판막에 가장자리 봉합술(edge-to-edge technique)을 시행하였으며 나머지 4명의 환아에게는 전후 브리징판엽(bridging leaflet)사이에 봉합을 추가하였다. 모든 환자에서 마지막 추적 초음파에서 경미 혹은 경도의 역류를 보였다. 결론: 기능적 단심실의 공통판막 역류에서 판막 이분성형 술은 효과적이고 안전한 술식이다. 그러나 많은 환자에서 잔존 역류를 가지고 있었으며 반수 이상의 환자에서 다음 단계의 수술에서 판막의 재수술이 필요하다 공통판 역류의 진행에 대한 장기적 추적조사가 꼭 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Knott-Craig CJ, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Puga FJ, Weaver AL, Driscoll DJ. The modified Fontan operation. An analysis od risk factors for early postoperative death or takedown in 702 consecutive patients from one institution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:1237-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70208-3
  2. Stamm C, Friehs I, Mayer JEJ, et al. Long-term results of the lateral tunnel Fontan. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 121:28-41 https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.111422
  3. Uemura H, Yagihara T, Kawashima Y, et al. What factors affect ventricular performance after a Fontan-type operation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:405-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70237-7
  4. Mahle WT, Cohen MS, Spray TL, Rychik J. Atriventricular valve regurgitation in patients with single ventricle: impact of the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:831-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02893-4
  5. Okita Y, Miki S, Kusuhara K, et al. Annuloplastic reconstruction for common atrioventricular valvular regurgitation in right isomerism. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;47:302-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)90295-6
  6. Imai Y, Seo K, Terada M, et al. Valvular repair for atrioventricular regurgitation in complex anomalies in modified Fontan procedure with reference to a single ventricle associated with a common atrioventricular valve. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 1999;2:5-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1092-9126(99)70002-5
  7. Oku H, Iemura J, Kitayama H, Saga T, Shirotani H. Bivalvation with briding for common atrioventricular valve regurgitation in right isomerism. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1324-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(94)91386-2
  8. Kado H, Shiokawa Y, Asou T, et al. Surgical results of valvuloplasty for common atrioventricular valve regurgitation in single ventricle. Kyobu Geka 1995;48:606-10
  9. Ando M, Takahashi Y. Edge-to-edge repair of common atrioventicular or tricuspid valve in patients with functionally single ventricle. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1571-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.06.026
  10. van Son JAM, Walther T, Mohr FW. Patch augmentation of regurgitant common atrioventricular valve in univentricular physiology. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:508-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00279-8
  11. Sapire DW, Ho SY, Anderson RH, Rigby ML. Diagnosis and significance of atrial isomerism. Am J Cardiol 1986;58: 342-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(86)90074-3