References
- Bateson, J. and M.K. Hui(1992) The ecological validity of photographic slides and videotapes in simulating the service setting. Journal of Consumer Research 19: 271-281 https://doi.org/10.1086/209301
- Daniel, T.C. and R.S. Boster(1976) Measuring landscape aesthetics: The scenic beauty estimation method. Research Paper RM-167. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 66pp
- Daniel, T.C. and M.M. Meitner(2001) Representational validity of landscape visualizations: The effects of graphical realism on perceived scenic beauty of forest vistas. Journal of Environmental Psychology 21: 61-72 https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0182
- Freimund, W.A., J.J. Vaske, M.P. Donnelly and T.A. Miller(2002) Using video surveys to access dispersed backcountry visitors' norms. Leisure Sciences 24: 349-362 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050790
- Graefe, A.R., F.R. Kuss and J.J. Vaske(1986) Recreation impacts and carrying capacity: A visitor impact framework. Washington, DC: National Conservation Association. 107pp
- Hall, T. and J.W. Roggenbuck(2002) Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences 24: 325-337 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050772
- Heberlein, T.A., G.E. Alfano and L.H. Ervin(1986) Using a social carrying capacity model to estimate the effects of marina development at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Leisure Sciences 8: 257-274 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408609513075
- Hetherington, J., T.C. Daniel and T.C. Brown(1993) Is motion more important than it sounds?: The medium of presentation in environment perception research. Journal of Environmental Psychology 13: 283-291 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80251-8
- Inglis, G.J., V.I. Johnson and F. Ponte(1999) Crowding norms in marine settings: A case study of snorkeling on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Management 24: 369-381 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900240
- Kellomaki, S. and R. Savolainen(1984) The scenic value of the forest landscape as assessed in the field and the laboratory. Landscape Planning 11: 97-107 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(84)90033-9
- Kim, S.O. and B. Shelby(2005) Developing standards for trail conditions using image capture technology. Leisure Sciences 27: 279-295 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400590930691
- Manning, R.E. and D.W. Lime(1996) Crowding and carrying capacity in the national park system: Toward a social science research agenda. In: D.W. Lime (ed.), Congestion and crowding in the national park system: Guidelines for management and research (Miscellaneous Publication 86-1996, pp. 27-66). St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota
- Manning, R.E., D.W. Lime, W. Freimund and D. Pitt (1996) Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences 18: 39-59 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409609513271
- Manning, R.E., S. Lawson, P. Newman, D. Laven and W. Valliere(2002) Methodological issues in measuring crowding-related norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 24: 339-348 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050781
- Manning, R.E. and W.A Freimund(2004) Use of visual research methods to measure standards of quality for parks and outdoor recreation. Journal of Leisure Research 36: 557-579 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950036
- Manning, R.E., W. Vallierer, B. Wang and C. Jacobi (1999) Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences 21: 97-115 https://doi.org/10.1080/014904099273174
- Martinson, K. and B. Shelby(1992) Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12: 559-567 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0559:EAPNFS>2.3.CO;2
- Needham, M.D. and R.B. Rollins(2005) Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management 26: 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.015
- Patterson, M.E. and W.E. Hammitt(1990) Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22: 259-275 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1990.11969829
- Shafer, E.L. and T.A. Richards(1974) A comparison of viewer reactions to outdoor scenes and photographs of those scenes. Research Paper NE-302. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. 26pp
- Shelby, B.(1981) Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research 13: 129-138 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1981.11969475
- Shelby, B. and B. Shindler(1992) Interest group standards for ecological impact at wilderness campsites. Leisure Sciences 14: 17-27 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513154
- Shelby, B. and J.J. Vaske(1991) Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23: 173-187 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1991.11969850
- Shelby, B., J.J. Vaske and M. Donnelly(1996) Noons, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences 18: 103-123 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409609513276
- Shelby, B., J.J. Vaske and R. Harris(1988) User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research 20: 245- 256 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1988.11969778
- Shelby, B. and R. Harris(1985) Comparing methods for determining visitor evaluations of ecological impacts: Site visits, photographs, and written descriptions. Journal of Leisure Research 17: 57-67 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1985.11969614
- Shelby, B. and T.A. Heberlein(1986) Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 164pp
- Shuttleworth, S.(1980) The use of photographs as an environmental presentation medium in landscape studies. Journal of Environmental Management 11: 61-76
- Stamps, A.E.(1990) Use of photographs to simulate environments: A meta-analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills 71: 907-913 https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.71.7.907-913
- Stankey, G.H., D.N. Cole, R.C. Lucas, M.E. Petersen and S.S. Frissell(1985) The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning (Report INT -176). Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service. 37pp
- Vaske, J.J.(1977) The relationship between personal norms, social norms and reported contacts in Brule River visitors' perception of crowding. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 77pp
- Vaske, J.J., B. Shelby, A.R. Graefe, and T.A. Heberlein(1986) Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18: 137-153 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1986.11969653
- Vaske, J.J., M.P. Donnelly and J.P. Petruzzi(1996) Country of origin, encounter norms, and crowding in a fiontcountry setting. Leisure Sciences 18(2): 161-176 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409609513279
- Whittaker, D. and B. Shelby(2002) Evaluating instream flows for recreation: Applying the structural norms approach to biophysical conditions. Leisure Sciences 24(3-4): 363-373 https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050808
- Whittaker, D. and B. Shelby(1988) Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 20: 261-273 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1988.11969780
- Williams, D.R., J.W. Roggenbuck and S. Bange(1991) The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings. Journal of Leisure Research 23: 154-172 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1991.11969849
- Zube, E.H., D.G. Pitt and T.W. Anderson(1975) Perception and prediction of scenic resource values of the northeast. In: E. Zube, R. Brush and J. Fabos (ed.) Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, pp. 151-167