DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 4412 airfoil section with flap in extreme ground effect

  • Ockfen, Alex E. (School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wasington State University) ;
  • Matveev, Konstantin I. (School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wasington State University)
  • 발행 : 2009.09.30

초록

Wing-in-Ground vehicles and aerodynamically assisted boats take advantage of increased lift and reduced drag of wing sections in the ground proximity. At relatively low speeds or heavy payloads of these craft, a flap at the wing trailing-edge can be applied to boost the aerodynamic lift. The influence of a flap on the two-dimensional NACA 4412 airfoil in viscous ground-effect flow is numerically investigated in this study. The computational method consists of a steady-state, incompressible, finite volume method utilizing the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Grid generation and solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are completed using computer program Fluent. The code is validated against published experimental and numerical results of unbounded flow with a flap, as well as ground-effect motion without a flap. Aerodynamic forces are calculated, and the effects of angle of attack, Reynolds number, ground height, and flap deflection are presented for a split and plain flap. Changes in the flow introduced with the flap addition are also discussed. Overall, the use of a flap on wings with small attack angles is found to be beneficial for small flap deflections up to 5% of the chord, where the contribution of lift augmentation exceeds the drag increase, yielding an augmented lift-to-drag ratio.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abbott, I. and Doenhoff, A., 1959. Theory of wing sections. Dover Publications, New York
  2. Barber, T. Leonard, E. and Archer, D., 1998. Appropriate CFD techniques for the prediction of ground effect aerodynamics. Proceedings of Workshop 'WISE up to ekranoplan GEMs', University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  3. Chun, H. and Chang, R., 2003. Turbulence flow simulation for wings in ground effect with two ground conditions: fixed and moving ground. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, 145, pp.51-68
  4. Constantinescu, G. Chapelet, M. and Squires, K., 2003. Turbulence modeling applied to flow over a sphere. AIAA Journal, 41(9), pp.1733-1742 https://doi.org/10.2514/2.7291
  5. Doolan, C., 2007. Numerical simulation of a blunt airfoil wake using a two-dimensional URANS approach. Proceedings of 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, University of Queensland, Australia
  6. Ferziger, J. and Peric, M., 1999. Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer, New York
  7. Firooz, A. and Gadami, M., 2006. Turbulence flow for NACA 4412 in unbounded flow and ground effect with different turbulence models and two ground conditions: fixed and moving ground conditions. Proceedings of International Conference on Boundary and Interior Layers, Gottingen, Germany
  8. Fluent, 2005. Fluent 6.2: Users manual
  9. Gallington, R.W., 1987. Power augmentation of ram wings. Proceedings of Conference on RAM Wings and Ground Effect Craft, RINA, London, UK
  10. Gallington, R.W. Chaplin, H.R. and Krause, F.H., 1976. Recent advances in Wing-in-Ground effect vehicle technology. Proceedings of AIAA/SNAME Advanced Marine Vehicles Conference, Arlington, VA, USA, AIAA paper No.76-874
  11. Hayashi, M. and Endo, E., 1978. Measurement of flow fields around an airfoil section with separation. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 21, pp.69-75
  12. Hirata, N. and Hino, T., 1997. Investigation of a threedimensional power-augmented ram wing in ground effect. Proceedings of 35th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, AIAA, Reno, USA, AIAA paper No.97-0822
  13. Hsiun, C. and Chen, C., 1996. Aerodynamic characteristics of a two-dimensional airfoil with ground effect. Journal of Aircraft, 33(2), pp.386-392 https://doi.org/10.2514/3.46949
  14. Huffman, J.K. and Jackson, C. M. Jr., 1974. Investigation of the static lift capability of a low-aspect-ratio wing operating in a powered ground-effect mode. NASA Technical Memorandum X-3031
  15. Katz, J. and Plotkin, A., 1991. Low-Speed Aerodynamics – from Wing Theory to Panel Methods. McGraw-Hill, New York
  16. Kikuchi, M. Hirano, K. Yuge, T. Iseri, K. and Kohma, Y., 2002. Measurement of aerofoil characteristics by method of towing. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 68(676), pp.3378-3385 https://doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.68.3378
  17. Kirillovykh, V.N. and Privalov, E.I., 1996. Transport amphibious platforms: a new type of high-speed craft. Proceedings of Workshop on Ekranoplans and Very Fast Craft, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  18. Kornev, N.V. and Matveev, K.I., 2003. Complex numerical modeling of dynamics and crashes of Wing-in-Ground vehicles. Proceedings of 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, USA, AIAA paper No. 2003-0600
  19. Krause, F.H., 1977. Evaluation of a Power-Augmented-Ram wing operating free in heave and pitch over water. DTNSRDC Report ASED-385
  20. Matveev, K.I., 2008. Static thrust recovery of PAR craft on solid surfaces. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 24(6), pp. 920-926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2007.12.007
  21. Rozhdestvensky, K.V., 2000. Aerodynamics of a Lifting System in Extreme Ground Effect. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany
  22. Rozhdestvensky, K.V., 2006. Wing-in-Ground effect vehicles. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 42, pp.211-283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2006.10.001
  23. Rumsey, C.L. and Ying, S.X., 2002. Prediction of high lift: review of present CFD capabilities. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38(2), pp.145-180 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00003-9
  24. Serebrisky, Y.M. and Biachev, S.A., 1946. Wind-tunnel investigation of the horizontal motion of a wing near the ground. NACA Technical Memorandum 1095
  25. Spalart, P. and Allmaras, S., 1991. A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. Proceedings of 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper No. 92-0439
  26. Steinbach, D. and Jacob, K., 1991. Some aerodynamic aspects of wings near ground. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 34(104), pp.56-70
  27. Van Dam, C.P., 1999. Recent experience with different methods of drag prediction. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 35(88), pp.751-798 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(99)00009-3
  28. Wu, C.K. and Rozhdestvensky, K.V., 2001. High-Reynoldsnumber flow computations for wings in ground effect. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation, Southampton, UK